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This study was conducted by the American Institutes for Research (AIR) with funding from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. We gratefully acknowledge the contributions of state education officials, district administrators and school principals and teachers who took time out of their busy schedules to respond to our data requests. AIR is a nonpartisan, not-for-profit organization that provides research and technical assistance domestically and internationally in the areas of health, education, and workforce productivity.

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