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Bacterial cell wall endotoxins, i.e. lipopolysaccharides (LPS), are some of the original compounds shown to evoke the classic signs of systemic inflammation/innate immune response and neuroinflammation. The term neuroinflammation often is used to infer the elaboration of proinflammatory mediators by microglia elicited by neuronal targeted activity. However, it also is possible that the microglia are responding to vasculature through several signaling mechanisms. Microglial activation relative to the vasculature in the hippocampus and parietal cortex was determined after an acute exposure of a single subcutaneous injection of 2 mg/kg LPS. Antibodies to allograft inflammatory factor (Aif1, a.k.a. Iba1) were used to track and quantify morphological *

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