Precise evaluation of maturational stage should be an integral part of both diagnosis and treatment. Different authors had reported different methods in an attempt to determine the best indicator of maturity. These include body height, body weight; sexual maturation; frontal sinus, chronological age, biological age or physiological age; hand-wrist maturity cervical vertebrae; dental eruption; dental calcification stages and biomarkers. Ever the method has its own advantages, disadvantages and over the other method. However, still researches are being done to explore best method to assess the maturity of an individual. This article reviews the methods of assessment of skeletal maturation.

The presence of a curve of Spee (COS) of variable depth is common finding in the occlusal arrangement and is sixth key of occlusion The understanding of COS in the field of orthodontics is very important as orthodontists deal with it in virtually every patient they treat. An excessive COS is a common form of malocclusion that may be addressed in many ways, including posterior extrusion, anterior intrusion, and incisor proclination. The specific approach to leveling of COS should be selected based on each patient's needs. Soft tissue, crown–gingival relations, occlusal plane, and skeletofacial concerns are among the special considerations for treatment planning for leveling of COS.

Low level laser therapy's effect on main cellular components involved in orthodontic tooth movement: In the last few decades, researchers have attempted to determine the affect of LLLT on the biological pathways involved in orthodontic tooth movement. Some authors believe that LLLT induces osteoblasts proliferation (in vivo studies, [27][28] and in vitro studies [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38]. Which is responsible for the accelerated tooth movement. However, according to other researchers, bone resorption is the rate-limiting step in tooth movement [36]. Therefore, any procedure which has the potential to increase osteoclastic activity may increase the rate of orthodontic tooth movement. Recent studies highlight enhanced osteoclastic activity after low level laser therapy in vivo [39][40][41][42][43][44] and in vitro [45].

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