To better explain resistance to information technology implementation, we used a multilevel, longitudinal approach. We first assessed extant models of resistance to IT. Using semantic analysis, we identified five basic components of resistance: behaviors, object, subject, threats, and initial conditions. We further examined extant models to (1) carry out a preliminary specification 1 Ron Weber was the accepting senior editor for this paper. Christina Soh was the associate editor. M. Lynne Markus, Ramiro Montealegre, and Siew Kien Sia acted as reviewers.

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