Cyberbullying, the use of electronic communication to bully another person with intimidation or threatening messages, has become an ever-increasing public safety concern. Lifetime bullying incidences have doubled in the past 10 years. Although all youth are at risk, the risk is significantly higher for minority and disabled children, adolescent girls, and youth with poor interpersonal relationships and low self-esteem. Enhanced by modern technology, cyberbullies experience an online disinhibition effect due to distance from the victim. Risk factors for cyberbullying include substance use, being raised by authoritarian parenting style, and poor relationship bonds. Because one of the most significant protective factors against cyberbullying victimization is social support, interventions have focused on fostering supportive environments. This article reviews behaviors, epidemiology, characteristics of victims and perpetrators, impact on individuals, and prevention and interventions related to cyberbullying.
[
Psychiatr Ann.
2018;48(9):408–415.]
Chronic hyponatremia is very rare in children and is often seen in the setting of congestive heart failure or liver failure in adults. Here, we report an 8-year-old child with hypothalamic glioma who presented with severe hyponatremia. Initial management consisted of fluid restriction. This was very difficult for the child to follow and the child developed bizarre drinking habits requiring intervention from child psychiatry. So therapy was initiated with low dose V2 receptor antagonist under close inpatient monitoring. While initial response was reassuring, her sodium levels tended to drift down with longer duration of treatment requiring us to increase the dose frequently. Her response to therapy and her stable clinical situation off therapy suggest that she may have reset osmostat.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.