Introduction: To study the Role of Visual Internal Urethrotomy in the Management of Short Segment Urethral Stricture in Male.Materials and Methods: A total of 59 diagnosed short segment urethral stricture male patients who underwent for Visual Internal Urethrotomy from Jan 2018 to May 2019 were studied. The preoperative and postoperative AUA score, Uroflowmetry, Postvoidal residual urine were used to evaluate the effect of visual internal urethrotomy. Paired t test is used for statistical analysis of the result. Result: The postoperative AUA score, uroflowmetry changes and postvoidal residual urine were improved significantly. There was significant change in the AUA score after VIU from 17.52 ± 11.53 preoperatively to 10.28 ± 05.25 and 09.88 ± 07.96 on postoperative 4 th and 12 th weeks (p<0.0001). There was significant change in the postvoidal residual urine from 149.75 ± 58.66 ml preoperatively to 35.56 ± 39.52 ml and 41.64 ± 80.05 ml postoperatively at 4 th and 12 th week respectively (p<0.0001). The mean stricture length of patients who underwent VIU was 1.74 ± 1.86 cm and the recurrence rate was 14.25% for length ≥ 2cm and 7.89% for length <2cm. Among the uroflowmetry parameters there was significant change in the maximum flow rate (Qm) from 10.20 ± 6.22 ml/s preoperatively to 22.93 ± 8.60 ml/s and 21.90 ± 10.63 ml/s postoperatively on 4 th and 12 th week respectively (p<0.0001). It was also found that the average flow rate in uroflowmetry had a significant change preoperatively from 4.36 ± 3.20 ml/s to 13.80 ± 6.04 ml/s and 13.17 ± 7.14 ml/s postoperatively on 4 th and 12 th weeks respectively (p<0.0001). The mean voided volume of patients who underwent for VIU found to have 236.42 ± 137.40 ml preoperatively, whereas at 4 th and 12 th postoperative weeks it was 415.12 ± 174.40 ml and 397.88 ± 216.01 ml respectively and the p value found to be <0.0001 which was significant. So it is evident that VIU have significant effect over voided volume. Patients with mild spongiofibrosis have got 100% success rate. Those patient who got severe spongiofibrosis have got a recurrence rate of 37.5% and moderate spongiofibrosis got a recurrence rate of 12%. Those patients who practiced clean intermittent self-catheterization after VIU had a good result (p = 0.0023) at the end of 12 th postoperative week. The success rate of VIU at the end of 12 th postoperative week found to be 89.83%. Conclusion:Visual Internal Urethrotomy is a safe, minimally invasive, easy and time effective procedure for the treatment of short segment urethral strictures in male patients as a short term management. In short segment stricture urethra patients with mild spongiofibrosis, a single attempt of Visual Internal Urethrotomy can be considered as an initial procedure for short term management. Clean Intermittent Self Catheterization is to be advised to the patients for further effective outcome of urethrotomy.

Abstract

In the present study polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) capped AgNPs (AgNPs@PVA) were used as nanocarrier for fabrication of an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) biosensor for organophosphate (OP) pesticide detection. AChE enzyme was immobilized via glutaraldehyde on drop casted AgNPs@PVA layer on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for fabrication of the electrochemical biosensor. Through differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) the biosensor measured peak current at 0.6 V generated by AChE mediated hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine (ATCl) to thiocholine and its subsequent oxidation to dimer. By hindering AChE hydrolysis activity of the sensor probe by a model OP pesticide, malathion, the pesticide biosensor was developed as the inhibition effect was found to be proportional to the concentration of malathion. The fabricated biosensor exhibits linearity at range of 0.01 to 1 ng/mL of malathion at optimal conditions with detection limit (LOD) of 2.6 pg/mL. The fabricated AChE biosensor showed good selectivity for OP pesticides and exhibited good efficiency in real sample analysis.