No abstract

The acute and sub-lethal bioassay of aqueous extract of fresh pawpaw (Carica papaya) leaf on Clarias gariepinus fingerlings was investigated. The experiment was carried out at Department of Fisheries Teaching and Research Fish Farm, Modibbo Adama University of Technology Yola. At 96h static bioassay, symptoms of toxicity in the fish indicated that aqueous extract of fresh pawpaw leaf caused sub-acute effects such as altering fish behavior. These behaviors include air gulping, erratic swimming, discoloration, loss of reflex and skin peeling. These behavioral alterations were time and concentration dependent. Exposure to aqueous extract of fresh pawpaw leaf caused decrease in packed cells volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb), and red blood cell (RBC), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and an increase in the mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV). It resulted in marked increase in white blood cells (WBC). Mortalities and LC50-96h values for Clarias gariepinus exposed to fresh pawpaw leaf extract was (10.9 ml/l). The mortality rates in extracts to Clarias gariepinus in sub-lethal exposure was lower than in acute concentrations. The growth rates were significantly reduced in fish exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of the fresh pawpaw leaf extract compared to the control fish (p<0.05).

The research aims to discover the natural occurrence of patulin (PAT) in selected citrus fruits from the central cities of Punjab and Pakistan's Northern cities. Total 2970 samples of twelve citrus fruits; kinnow, orange, grapefruits, bitter orange, mausami, red blood, pineapple, sweet orange, rough lime, sweet lime, kagzi lime and lemon were examined using liquid chromatography fitted with UV detector. The limit of detection (LOD) and quantification limit was 0.04 and 0.12 &micro;g/kg, respectively. The results have shown that 56% of samples of citrus fruits from Punjab's central cities, Pakistan, were discovered to be infected from PAT. The elevated amounts of PAT ranging from 0.04 to 1150 &micro;g/kg were found in citrus fruit samples from Multan cities. Furthermore, 31.7% of samples of citrus fruits from Northern cities of Pakistan were discovered to be infected with PAT, and the elevated amounts were found ranging from 0.04-320 &micro;g/kg from Swat city. About 22.1% of samples of citrus fruits have levels of PAT greater than the suggested limits established by the European Union (EU). PAT's dietary intake levels ranged from 0.10-1.11 &micro;g/kg bw/day from the central cities of Punjab, Pakistan, and 0.13-1.93 &micro;g/kg bw/day were documented from Northern cities of Pakistan.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui besarnya biaya dan pendapatan usaha budidaya udang vannamei, studi kelayakan usaha budidaya, dan menganalisis kenaikan biaya variabel pada usaha budidaya udang vannamei. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan Maret-Mei 2018. Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh yaitu ; 1) Total biaya usaha budidaya udang vannamei sebesar Rp. 1,362,489,494 dan total pendapatan sebesar Rp. 828.810.506, 2) Studi kelayakan finansial usaha budidaya udang vannamei di Tambak Udang Alam Laut Lestari menghasilkan R/C Rasio sebesar 1,61 , B/C Rasio sebesar 0,61, break event point (BEP) terbagi atas 2, yaitu BEP Produksi/volume dan BEP harga. BEP Produksi/volume mendapatkan nilai sebesar 17.127 kg, sedangkan BEP harga mendapatkan nilai Rp. 54.218 dan payback period (PP) dalam jangka waktu 1 tahun 2 bulan. 3). Hasil analisis sensitivitas dan switching value, kenaikan biaya variabel sebesar 3% masih bisa ditoleransi, namun kenaikan biaya variabel sebesar 61% maka Tambak Udang akan mengalami kerugian.

This research work was carried out to evaluate poultry waste as a potential feed for fish growth. The poultry droppings were collected for analysis. The parameter determined to ascertain the potential of this poultry waste were proximate analysis (Moisture, dry matter, ash, crude protein, fat, crude fibre and carbohydrate contents) and mineral nutrient composition (calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium, copper, zinc, iron and manganese). The proximate analysis determined estimated moisture content to be 9.62±0.