The postprandial insulin requirements after three mixed meals of equal carbohydrate and energy content were assessed in 10 type-1 and 12 type-2 diabetics by a glucose-controlled insulin infusion system. These were compared with the glycemic response to the same meals of 10 healthy individuals (glycemic index). In type-1 diabetics, we found the highest insulin requirements after consumption of a continental breakfast (low fibre, low protein, high fat). Ten percent less insulin was infused after milk (low fat, high protein) and 30% less after an English breakfast (high fibre, high protein). Type-2 diabetics showed no significant differences in insulin requirements between the three test meals. The glycemic response in healthy individuals had no relation to these insulin requirements. Continental and English breakfast had a similar glycemic effect, whereas milk produced only 30% of the blood glucose response observed after the continental breakfast. These results indicate that neither the carbohydrate content (exchange lists) nor the glycemic index enable prediction of postprandial insulin requirements in insulin-deficient diabetes. For this purpose, we propose the insulin-need index, elaborated by testing whole meals in closed-loop experiments with type-1 diabetics.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan hubungan clonal methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) antara isolat sapi dan manusia. Staphylococcus aureus yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berasal dari infeksi kulit manusia di Yogyakarta (10 isolat) dan dari susu sapi perah (11 isolat) yang berasal dari Yogyakarta, Solo, dan Boyolali. Identifikasi bakteri dan uji resistensi S. aureus terhadap methicillin telah dilakukan pada penelitian sebelumnya. Hubungan genetika S. aureus antar isolat sapi dan manusia ditentukan menggunakan teknik single enzyme amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). Hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa berdasar analisis AFLP S. aureus memperlihatkan 15 pola genetika (A sampai O) dan dapat dikelompokkan ke dalam 7 klas (I sampai VII). Staphylococcus aureus isolat asal sapi dari daerah yang berdekatan (Boyolali dan Solo), dapat dikelompokkan dalam 1 klas (kecuali 1 isolat sapi dari Yogyakarta), isolat sapi dan manusia dari Yogyakarta dapat dikelompokkan dalam beberapa klas. Masing-masing klas terdapat isolat S. aureus yang telah resisten terhadap MRSA. Hubungan genotipe S. aureus dalam penelitian ini dapat digunakan untuk mengetahui distribusi clonal antara isolat sapi dan manusia dan dapat digunakan sebagai kontrol adanya infeksi MRSA di Indonesia.

The effect of cadmium chloride (CdO2) to the sterility of male rat have been observed to the first generation (Fj).Sixty white rats consisted of 30 male rats at 3 weeks old divided Into 6 groups and were given CdCl2 orally ad libitum for 42 days, Tl»e concentration of CdCl2 for each group was 0 ppin (group I), 200 ppm (group H), 100 ppm (group ID), 50 ppm (group IV), 25 ppm (group V) and 12,5 ppm (group VI). After treatments, aii male rats were mated with female rats by mixing a couple of rats in a cage for 7 days. Then male rats were kiiied all to examine the histopathoiogy of their testis. The female rats were kept until 18 days of pregnancy, then all were killed. The percentage of pregnancy and the number of baby in each female rat were counted. The histopamoiogy of seminiferous tubules of testis were analysed qualitatively.The results showed that CdCl2 at 12,5 and 25 ppm caused 20% and 40% of infertility. 50 ppm of CdCfe caused 100% of infertility and necrosis of spermatocyte and spermaride celk; there no spematozoa in the seminiferous tubules.