Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) consists of two major inflammatory problems, which includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease. Both are inflammatory conditions of the alimentary canal, but ulcerative colitis mostly affects the rectum and colon, whereas Crohn disease affects the small intestine, large intestine, oesophagus and anus. This article highlights the causes, major role of genetic factors, the epidemiology, clinical implications, and treatment options available to deal with IBD.

Chlorhexidine is a common skin antisepsis agent that is also found in toothpaste and mouthwash.When mixed with alcohol, it is a particularly efficient antibacterial. Because it forms a strong bond with aminoacid subunits in the peripheral skin and mucosal layers. Its antibacterial properties remain for a long time,enabling it to be an efficacious antiseptic agent. Chlorhexidine is applied on various medical devices which provide protection against various internal infections caused by catheter. Chlorhexidine-related contact dermatitis is uncommon among healthcare employees.in individuals where the incidence of allergic reactionsis very common, the rate of skin allergic reactions caused by chlorhexidine ranges from 3.5 to 6.5 percent.Chlorhexidine induced allergic reactions are frequently misdiagnosed, leading to under reporting.

Blood collection from experimental animals is a common yet crucial procedure that requires immense care and professional experience to ensure propriety and successful trials in the experimental procedure. This article overviews different methods for blood collection, terminal and non-terminal, in different experimental animals, mainly rat, guinea pig, and rabbit. Different sites for the collection of blood have been discussed, along with the pros and cons of administering via these sites. Lastly, it is discussed that the site of selection depends on the sample volume required and the purpose of the experimental procedure; these factors are also discussed in detail in this review article.

This study was conducted to evaluate both the in-process quality control tests as well as the finished dosage form tests for a parenteral product. Furthermore, all the processes from the purchase of API to marketing of product were studied. A batch of Adicovil was taken Adicovil was taken as an example, it is small volume parenteral of 2ml ampoule that is studied to evaluate its efficacy and stability by performing chemical and physical tests. IPQC tests for type I glass includes powder glass test, while for water for injection they are pH, acidity & alkalinity, non-volatile matter, ammonium ions, non-oxidizable matter, sterility and pyrogen test. Test for finished dosage form of Adicovil are identification, leaker test, clarity test, sterility, pyrogen test, BET, deliverable volume and determination of volume of injection for container. The selected batch of Adicovil passed all the IPQC and FDF tests in the procedure.

Neuromodulation therapies generally deal with the provision of pain management, treatment of movement disorders, seizure control by the utilization of brain-controlled devices to individuals with compromised movement. Recent advancement in optogenetics has led to the development of techniques to explore the neural circuitry & biomarkers to track the progression of disease in neurodegenerative disorders. Further advancements contributing to neuromodulation therapies include engineering of nanotechnology, advances in genetics, exome sequencing and novel imaging techniques to detect connectivity deficits in motor and sensory networks that have been associated with neurological disorders. The following six neuromodulation therapies will be discussed in detail herein reference to neurologist awareness, candidate selection, and barriers to treatment. This article highlights the appropriate selection of neuromodulation therapy in the management of chronic pain and neurodegenerative orders that can lead to short-term and longterm clinical benefits.