This study intended to investigate the therapeutic effect of ethanolic extract of Tylophora villosa leaves (E2TL) against paracetamol (PC)-induced hepatotoxicity (PCIH) in mice ( Mus musculus ). PCIH were generated using daily 250 mg/kg body weight (bw) PC administration by gavage for seven days, and then daily 27.5; 55.0; 82.5; 110.0; or 220.0 mg/kg bw E2TL were treated by gavage for seven or fourteen days. Meanwhile, the controls were given solvent only in the same manner. Mortality, blood glucose, and condition (color, weight, volume) of the livers were observed on day 15 (D15). Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) and serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SG0T) were examined on D15, D22, and D30, and then malondialdehyde (MDA) was determined on D15. Results of this study revealed that on D15, the dosage of 110.0 mg/kg bw E2TL most effectively decreased MDA due to PCIH, from 6.78 ± 1.70 μmol/L to 3.45 ± 0.43 μmol/L, approaching the control condition (2.45 ± 0.05 μmol/L). PC administration was really toxic dosage and caused 13.3 % mortality. Blood glucose, weight, and volume of the liver decreased as the effect of PC administration, and then 220.0 mg/kg bw E2TL treatment could recover the condition as well as the controls. Color of the liver indicated a similar recovery by E2TL treatment. SGPT and SG0T increased significantly by PC administration, and this PCIH facts could be recovered gradually near the controls according to the dosages (55.0; 110.0; or 220.0 mg/kg bw) and duration (seven or fourteen days) of E2TL treatment. It could be concluded that E2TL showed therapeutic effect against PCIH in M. musculus .
<p><em>Acute respiratory infection (ARI) caused by environment factor, socio -demographic characteristics of parents and child physiological factors. The ARI is the top ten communicable diseases among children under five years in Indonesia. Studies of combination of two or three factors affected the ARI have reported, but study of association subs physiological factors are rarely. The aim of study was to know effect of sub physiological factors on ARI among children under five years. The study used articles from 2015-2020 and conducted from the PubMed and SCOPUS. There were 18 articles relevant with inclusion criteria in this study. Qualitative analysis was used for design study. The five physiological sub-factors, namely age, gender, exclusive breastfeeding, low birth weight (LBW), and nutritional status was associated with ARI among children under five years. The Age, exclusive breastfeeding, LBW, and nutritional status have the same impact affecting maturation immune system in infants. Larger amount testosterone hormone in male infant and smaller size of thymus than female infant. Both of them caused male infant more susceptibility affected by ARI than female infant</em></p><p><em>Keywords: ARI, physiological risk factors, children under five years, gender, immune system</em></p><p><em><br /></em></p>
BACKGROUND: Intestinal microbial dysbiosis and its metabolites can affect the immune activity of intestinal mucosal cells, causing insulitis and pancreatic β-cell death. Probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus plays an important role in reducing inflammatory cytokines, hence improves oxidative stress that affects pancreatic β-cell apoptosis. Current study examined the feature of pancreatic histopathology affected by the administration of probiotic L. acidophilus in rats with type-1 diabetes mellitus (DM) induced by streptozotocin (STZ).METHODS: Twelve rats were induced by STZ at double dose of 50 mg/kgBB before administered with probiotic L. acidophilus at a dose of 1.5x10 8 or 1.5x10 9 CFU/mL/day, while other 4 rats were used as control. After 21 days of the L. acidophilus treatment, the average of fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels of rats were measured, then the pancreatic histopathology was assessed to evaluate the degree of insulitis in islet of Langerhans.RESULTS: The induction of STZ had been succeeded to increase blood glucose levels, which indicate DM condition. The highest FBG level after 21 days of treatment was found in DM group with glucose level of 512±81.51 mg/dL. The administration of probiotic L. acidophilus during 21 days treatment at both dose 1.5x10 8 and 1.5x10 9 CFU/mL/day significantly improved pancreatic histopathology (p=0.04 and p=0.034, respectively), with significant decrease on insulitis scores compared to DM group.CONCLUSION: The administration of L. acidophilus at both dose of 1.5x10 8 and 1.5x10 9 CFU/mL/day for 21 days can improve pancreatic histopathology of type-1 DM rats induced by STZ, therefore probiotic L. acidophilus may be potential as supplementation treatment for type-1 DM.KEYWORDS: Lactobacillus acidophilus, pancreatic histopathology, streptozotocin, type-1 diabetes mellitus
This study evaluated the effects of leaf ethanolic extract Etlingera hemisphaerica Blume (LE3H) on male reproductive toxicity due to mercury chloride (HgCl2) in Mus musculus (mice). Those were three test materials; 5 mg/kg body weight (bw) HgCl2, 0.2 mg/gbw Immunos®, and 0.13, 0.26, 0.39 mg/gbw LE3H. On day 1 (d-1), four groups of 5 mice were given HgCl2 by gavage, and then on d-3, d-5, and d-7 days, three groups were administered 0.13, 0.26, and 0.39 mg/gbw of LE3H, another group as control. On d-16, the animals were killed using the cervical dislocation method for observing their testicular morphometrics. Three groups of 9 mice were given HgCl2 by injected on d-1, and then on d-4 one group was administered Immunos® and one group was administered a determined LE3H, another group as control, and then were killed on d-7 for measuring glucose and malondialdehyde (MDA). Two groups of 15 mice were injected with HgCl2 on d-1, and then on d-3, one group was administrated by the determined LE3H, another group as control, and then were killed on d-6 for investigating sperms quality. Results revealed that HgCl2 increased the weight, length, and diameter of the testes compared to the control, while HgCl2 + LE3H three times tended to restore testes similar to the control. A dose of LE3H (0.39 mg/gbw) was effective in testicular recovery conditions. HgCl2 increased blood glucose dan MDA levels compared to the control. The blood glucose dan MDA level on HgCl2 + Immunos® and HgCl2 + LE3H did not differ from the control. HgCl2 decreased sperm concentration compared to the control. HgCl2 + LE3H was lower than HgCl2 and approach the control. Sperm moves fast and straight in the control, HgCl2, and HgCl2 + LE3H were 30.63; 16.12; and 27.62% respectively. Thus, LE3H attenuates male reproductive toxicity duo to HgCl2 in mice.
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