-The study and the control of milk synthesis are required to decipher the mechanisms of gene expression, to improve milk production, to modify milk composition, to induce a resistance to diseases in the mammary gland and to produce recombinant proteins of pharmaceutical interest. Transgenesis has become a mandatory tool to reach these goals. The use of transgenesis is still limited by the difficulty of adding foreign genes in farm animals and mainly by replacing genes by homologous recombination. Transgene expression is also often ill-controlled. The present paper summarizes the current progress in this field with a particular emphasis on expression vectors for transgenes.
lactation / transgenesis / expression vectorsRésumé -La transgénèse pour l'étude et le contrôle de la lactation. L'étude et le contrôle de la synthèse du lait sont nécessaires pour décrypter les mécanismes de l'expression de gènes, pour amé-liorer la production de lait, pour modifier la composition du lait, pour induire une résistance de la glande mammaire contre des maladies infectieuses et pour produire des protéines recombinantes d'intérêt pharmaceutique. La transgénèse est devenue un outil indispensable pour mener à bien ces projets. La mise en oeuvre de la transgénèse est encore limitée par la difficulté d'ajouter des gènes étrangers chez les animaux d'élevage et surtout de remplacer des gènes par recombinaison homologue. L'expression des transgènes est par ailleurs souvent mal contrôlée. Cet article se propose de faire le point dans ce domaine en développant plus particulièrement la mise au point de vecteurs d'expression pour les transgènes.
lactation / transgénèse / vecteurs d'expression
The IRES from poliovirus and from encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) added between the cap and the AUG initiator codon were strong inhibitors of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene expression in three different cell types. The poliovirus IRES also inhibited bGH (bovine growth hormone) cDNA expression in the HC11 mammary cell line when added between the rabbit whey acidic gene promoter and the cDNA whereas the HTLV-1 IRES showed a stimulatory effect in the same situation. RNA stem loops were added before HTLV-1 (SUR) and the BiP (Immunoglobulin heavy-chain Binding Protein) IRESs followed by the firefly luciferase gene under the control of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) promoter. The RNA loops abolished the expression of the reporter gene almost completely. These data suggest that the different IRESs may favour or inhibit translation of monocistronic mRNA.
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