The results of modeling and bench testing friction losses in the main engine kinematic nodes for different lubricating oil temperature values was presented in the article. The study was performed to evaluate the effect of lubricating oil temperature on the engine friction losses. In addition to friction losses in the crankshaft bearings and the piston rings in a cylinder-piston group the friction loss due to charge exchange in the cylinder, drive of timing system and the oil pump were measured. The obtained results show the course of the friction loss in the combustion engine. The research shows that the thermal state of the engine lubricating oil has effect on the amount of friction losses. Formulated conclusions allow to assess the impact of the oil temperature on the friction losses in the main friction nodes in combustion engine.

Profil koła tramwajowego typu PST jest profilem objętym normą obowiązującą w Polsce. Pomimo nowoczesności tego profilu, w skojarzeniu ze stosownymi często w Polsce profilami szyn może on wykazywać niestabilność nawet przy eksploatacyjnych prędkościach jazdy. Pomimo, że nie występuje w tych przypadkach niebezpieczny poziom stosunku sił Y/Q, to wpływa to na zwiększenie zużycia kół i szyn oraz na pogorszenie właściwości biegowych tramwajów. Zanalizowano wpływ wybranych, możliwie małych modyfikacji profilu PST, dokonanych w celu zwiększenia stabilności na różnych szynach, dokonano również analizy tych modyfikacji na hipotetyczny proces zużywania elementów koło-szyna.

No abstract

Th e growth in freight-traffi c between Europe and China is driving the quest for new transport routes between these regions. One of the options is to use railway routes. Th e concept of using railway connections is referred to as the New Silk Route. A number of analyses of freight traffi c point to a huge demand for this type of transport since sea freight is marked by seasonality, long travel times and the growing problem of congested ports, both in China and Europe. Currently, there are several railway connections between China and Europe. Th ese connections are hindered by intermodal transport and transhipment, which extend freight travel time, generate extra costs and result in the low capacity of these connections. In order to increase capacity, new connections should be developed using the interoperability of all the railway routes between Europe and China. Many barriers, however, impede this idea. Many of those barriers are technological in nature. Th is paper looks into technological barriers that constrain interoperability in railway transport between Europe and China. Th e fi rst section sheds some light on the idea of interoperability, as well as railway connections between Europe and China. Th e second section points to the technological barriers in this kind of transport. Th e next section presents some possible solutions for removing the barriers. Th e fi nal section provides a summary.