In the Institute of Mining, Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, under the leadership of Chernov [i-3] technology is being developed for rock breaking using normal separation cracks.With this aim, a borehole is drilled at some distance from the free surface and a small nucleating slot is created with a special tool.A working liquid is fed into the borehole under pressure.On reaching a critical pressure determined by the properties of the material being broken and the size and position of the concentrator, the initial crack increases in size. By pumping the liquid and maintaining the pressure required for further crack growth, pieces of rock separate from the rock mass.We must evaluate the size and shape of the separated fragment in relation to the main parameters, i.e., initial size of the nucleating slot, curvature in its shape, distance from the free surface and degree of penetration of the working liquid into a growing crack.In order to explain the qualitative features of the process under plane strain conditions a study has been made of quasistatic hydraulic-rupture crack propagation close to the free surface. It is assumed that the hydraulic-rupture crack is characterized by zero tangential stresses along its length and normal stresses that are constant along its length.In order to find the shape of the crack development trajectory we use the o~-criterion of failure [4,5] ..whose application for an elastically brittle material gives good agreement with the descriPtion for experimental data, e.g., [6,7]. This means that in each step of crack advance only the change in the local stress field is considered in the vicinity of the crack lip caused by its advance and bending, and the effect of dynamic factors is ignored. This last assumption is correct because the hydraulic-rupture crack growth rate is much less than the velocity of Rayleigh surface waves.In solving the problem, we use the method of integral singular equations similar to that described in monographs [5,[8][9][10], and in the last of these this method is generalized for the case of smooth curvilinear slits. Statement of the Problem.Let an isotropic elastic body occupy a lower half-plane Im z ~ 0, z = x + iy, and it contains N smooth curvilinear slits Lk, k = i, N. With each slit L k we connect its local coordinate system Xk0kYk, k = I--?--N. The connection between coordinates of the points of a plane in the main and local coordinate systems is given by the expressionwhere o k is the angle between axes 0kX k and 0x, and Xk ~ yk ~ are coordinates of the origin of the k-th local system in the main system. We assume that the shape of each slit L k in its local coordinate system is known and described by a parametric equationThen solution of the problem in elasticity theory when stresses are specified along the peripheries of the slits as:(a positive sign relates to the upper edge, and a minus sign to the lower edge) is reduced to finding the solution of g'k(~), k = i, N of a set of N singular equations in the form [9, ii]:Institute ...

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The article deals with the locatives in the function of an adverbial modifier in terms of functional-communicative grammar. The authors consider the function of a language unit as a way of attaining certain goals. Each member of the sentence has a grammatical core that makes up its typical language expression. The authors believe that all types of adverbial modifiers are grouped around adverbs and correlate with adverbs, the latter being the grammatical core of this member of the sentence. The authors draw the conclusion that the main forms of the adverbial modifies of place are the pronominal and circumstantial adverbs. The phraseological units of adverbial nature as well as the nouns included into different types of word combinations of locative semantics as dependent elements may also function as adverbial modifiers of place. However, according to the authors it should be taken into account that noun is the primary form of expressing locativity. Whenever it is necessary to localize an object for the first time, regardless of the context or situation, one usually resorts to a noun (with or without a preposition). The functional-semantic approach that integrates lexical and grammatical means on the basis of their common functions is the fundamental one in this research. The units with the functional semantic basis have been studied making it possible to carry out multifaceted investigation and description of the phenomenon. Nevertheless, the semantic component of the linguistic facts as well as of the structural-semantic research is still the most important one.

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This article deals with the English proverbs containing the concept of woman. The aim of the research was to analyse the means of expression used to portray the woman in her various social roles, to describe her personal traits and to reveal the attitude towards women in the society. The novelty of this paper lies in systematizing the stylistic devices used in proverbs about women and discovering a device that has not been included in the existing classifications of expressive means. In the course of the research, the authors selected English proverbs with the lexeme woman and analysed them from the point of view of stylistics. The fact that such proverbs are highly numerous indicates the importance of gender relations in a society, while their subject matter demonstrates an arrogant and often dismissive attitude towards women in a world dominated by men. The stylistic analysis found metaphor, simile and epithet to be the most productive lexical devices in creating a negative image of women, while parallelism, antithesis and repetition seem to be the most frequent syntactic devices serving to emphasize the connotations of the proverbs. Irony and paradox render the sarcastic, condescending attitude towards women; this function is also performed by intentionally illogical sequences of homogeneous parts of the sentence, when women are placed on a par with animals, inanimate objects, and the elements (the stylistic device for the first time described by the authors). It should be noted that the characteristic features of proverbs as a genre of folk art, i.e. rhythmic, intonational, and phonetic, are inherent in English proverbs about women as well. The material obtained can be used in linguistics courses at universities.