Background:The human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) pandemic has caused a re-emergence of tuberculosis (TB). In persons infected with both HIV and TB, the lifetime risk of developing TB disease is 50–70% compared to 10% in HIV-negative individuals. India has world's 3rd highest HIV burden and is also one of the countries endemic for TB, so the country faces a dual epidemic of HIV and TB.Objectives:To find out the proportion and determinants of TB in HIV-positive subjects.Subjects and Methods:This study was undertaken at the ART center from June 01, 2012, to May 31, 2013. HIV-positive subjects aged above 15 years who had been on antiretroviral therapy (ART) for more than 6 months were included in the study. Nonprobability purposive sampling was adopted. A predesigned semi-structured questionnaire was used to obtain data.Results:A total of 536 HIV-positive people were interviewed, 58.8% of whom were males, 79.1% were Hindu, 61.0% had up to high school education, and 57% were unskilled laborers. About 63% were married, 40% were from the upper lower class, and 60% were from urban areas. For the majority (89.1%), the probable mode of transmission of HIV was by the heterosexual route. TB co-infection was present in 38.4% subjects. The most common form of TB was extra-pulmonary in subjects on antituberculous treatment (47.3%) and among old cases (57.6%). On bivariate analysis, 136 (42.4%) married subjects and those from rural areas were more commonly affected by TB compared to subjects who were unmarried and from urban areas with odds ratio (OR): 1.555, confidence interval (CI): 1.077–2.246 and OR: 1.523, CI: 1.061–2.185, respectively. The proportion of TB was high among subjects who lived in overcrowded houses 130 (44.2%), and who had a habit of alcohol use compared to others with OR: 1.731, CI: 1.734–2.179 and OR: 1.524, CI: 1.045–2.223, respectively. Logistic regression analysis showed that TB among people living with HIV/AIDS was highest in persons living in overcrowded houses (OR: 1.706, CI: 1.185–2.458) and those who consumed alcohol (OR: 1.605, CI: 1.090–2.362).Conclusions:Demographic factors like male gender, middle age, living in the rural areas, consumption of alcohol, and living in overcrowded houses were found with a higher proportion of TB. The use of highly active ART appeared to progressively decrease but did not completely eliminate the risk of TB.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

The growth and development of child is a strong reflection of country's growth and development. Being most vulnerable segment of the society the preschoolers are at greatest risk of malnutrition for it is their growing period that demands high intake of protein and calories. To find out the prevalence of undernutrition among 1-5 years children in Urban Ballari. This is a cross-sectional study conducted from January 2018 to June 2018 which included 700 children in the age group of 1-5 years residing in Ballari urban. Of total 700 study subjects, boys constituted 49.7% and girls 50.3%. The overall prevalence of under nutrition among the study subjects based on weight for age parameter was found to be 40.6%. (Normal- 59.4%, Moderate under nutrition- 22%, Severe under nutrition - 18.6%). Prevalence of stunting and wasting was 43.2% and 23.9% respectively. The result of the study is indicative of high prevalence of undernutrition among children in the age group of 1-5 years in Ballari City.