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CAPTCHA (or Human Interaction Proof) is now almost a standard security technique for defending against undesirable or malicious bot programs on the Internet. However, the robustness of CAPTCHAs has so far been studied mainly just in communities such as computer vision, and document analysis and recognition. This paper motivates a security engineering perspective of the robustness of CAPTCHAs. Specifically, we show that a number of CAPTCHAs that appeared to be secure, including schemes widely deployed by Microsoft, Yahoo and Google and some other less well-known ones, could be broken with a high success rate with simple but novel attacks. In contrast to earlier work that relied on sophisticated computer vision algorithms, our attacks exploited critical design errors that we discovered in each scheme. The main lesson is that security engineering expertise and experience, in particular adversarial thinking skills, can make a unique and significant contribution to the improvement of the robustness of CAPTCHAs.

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GaAs MESFET technology is 'ideal for use in lightwave receiver applications. FET devices have a fundamental advantage over BJT transistors in low noise applications because of their inherent high input inipedance. Another advantage comes fron the fact that FETs are majority carrier devices and can be easily used as feedback elements in automnatic g am control applications. O-8194-0669-4/91/$4OO SPIE Vol. 1541 InfraredSensors: Detectors, Electronics, and Signal Processing(1991) / 83 Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 06/17/2016 Terms of Use: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/ss/TermsOfUse.aspx