This brief review focuses on the current knowledge of the epigenetic molecular mechanisms of cognitive development and factors causing the alteration of the epigenetic marks. Comprehensive understanding of this issue will help to start modeling favorable conditions to promote the cognitive development from the early childhood as well as to resolve the challenges resulting from the aberrant changes in expression of genes controlling the processes in the brain. We believe that of all factors, modifying the epigenetic marks at different stages of an individual's life, the non-pharmaceutical ones are of particular interest because of their potential to cause positive changes without harmful side-effects and the relative ease of implementation.