Assessment of the nature of inheritance of combined features by the offspring obtained from the result of the use of Holstein bulls-sires in creating highly herd of Ukrainian Red Dairy, Ukrainian red-spotted milk and Ukrainian black and white dairy breeds was conducted by the method of combined attributes, using level of display of average values "A" (the amount of butterfat in the first lactation) and KVZ (coefficient reproductive capacity) and a combination of variations in the direction of plus (1) and minus (2) from the optimum differentiated cows into four groups: 1-1, 1-2, 2-1, 2-2. As a result of our research it was found that the orientation of parental genetic conditions of the levels of dairy and reproductive ability is manifested in the specificity of group structure daughters received from bull-parents of different categories (-+, ++). The largest percentage characterized for thet group in which the combination of trends in deviations from optimum by discounted signs similar to the same combination of genetic determinational bull-father. From bull categories, such as ++, corresponding to the group "1-1", received more daughters with similar trend of combined sign of "A" and KVZ (41-58%). Thus, a combination of trends in deviations from optimum for the combined signs are similar to the combination of trend of parental genetic program, confirming the better of influence the Holstein breed bulls. A similar regularity of inheritance of milk and reproductive ability of offspring derived from different sires are observed in the daughters generation. High levels of milk and reproductive ability (group 1-1) inherits most of daughters (40%) if the parent category in bull-father breeding value "++". From sires of categories "-+" and "+-" which is responsible to the groups "2-1" and "1-2", received more daughters with the same trend development of features combined "A" and KVZ - 35% and 50%. On improving influence of individual bulls-sires on signs pointed to data of the total specific weight cows-daughters in group components (1-1)+(1-2) and (1-1)+(2-1). If the value is more than 50%, according to the laws of heredity transfer, then to the signs influences parent, increasing its development. Thus the bulls may impair the development of symptoms, provided that the total specific weight of cows-daughters components in group components (1-1)+(1-2) and (1-1)+(2-1) are less 50%. Thus, the combination of trends of parental genetic program influence to the change in the basic characteristics in phenotype daughters. In the offspring manifested high levels of milk and reproductive ability (group 1-1), if the breeder has a category «Rb ++» and low milk yield and high rate KVZ (group 2-1), if the bull-father has a category «Rb–+».

The article presents the results of research on the evaluation of the development of dairy cattle characteristics in Holstein breed of different selection using entropy-information analysis (EIA). According to the studied indicators of dairy productivity their determinism is low, because there are many factors which influence the development of the signs. The degree of organization and informative content for Holstein breed cows of German and Ukrainian selection in adjacent generations has been established according to the basis characteristics of productivity, reproductive and adaptive ability of animals. The highest level of prevalence was characterized by signs of fat and protein content in milk as in the firstborn Holstein cows of German and Ukrainian breeding. Comparing to mothers, daughters have not only the highest level of informative content, but also have a bigger number of determinism. The probable influence of the «generation» factor was established only on the content of fat in milk. The smallest values of absolute organization the system were characterized by signs, the development of which is largely due to factors of environment. Signs which characterize reproductive and adaptive abilities of cows generally have lower entropy evaluations. This indicates their higher determinism and, consequently, biological importance. Especially it is true for the duration of the dry period in cows of the Holstein breed of German breeding. It is known that it causes physiological processes in the transitional period between two lactations and, accordingly to this, it influences the milk productivity of cows, especially, in the next lactation. Typically, according to the two signs (the duration of the first lactation and the duration of the given-birth period), we determined the probable effect of background (breeding) on the degree of their determinism (in both cases: P < 0.05). At the same time, according to these features in animals of German breeding the level of organization was higher than for Ukrainian selection of cows, regardless of generation. Thus, the use of EIA allows determining the effect of selection on the development of signs in dairy cattle.

ПРОДУКТИВНЕ ДОВГОЛІТТЯ МОЛОЧНОЇ ХУДОБИ ГОЛШТИНСЬКОЇ ПОРОДИ РІЗНОЇ СЕЛЕКЦІЇ Т. В. Підпала, доктор сільськогосподарських наук, професор ORCID ID: 0000-0002-4072-7576 Є. М. Зайцев, аспірант ORCID ID: 0000-0002-4165-4196 Миколаївський національний аграрний університет У статті викладено результати оцінки тварин голштинської породи німецької та української селекції за тривалістю життя, господарського використання, довічною продуктивністю. Встановлено, що корови голштинської породи німецької селекції мають дещо меншу тривалість життя і господарського використання, але вищі показники довічної продуктивності, ніж тварини української селекції. Результатами дослідження встановлено високо достовірний позитивний зв'язок високого ступеня між тривалістю життя, господарського використання і о знаками довічної продуктивності.

Under the conditions of intensive technologies used in production of livestock products, the main selection feature that characterizes the economic feasibility of dairy farming and breeding value of animals is milk productivity. One of the factors that affects, not only the economy of production, but also the improvement of herds and breeds of cattle, is the use of highly productive cows. Therefore, the aim of our research was to assess the level of development of productive traits in Holstein cows under the conditions of intensive milk production technology, according to selection and genetic parameters. To conduct the study, a group of 1089 first-born cows was formed with the help of the Dairy Comp program and Microsoft Excel. The material for the research was the milk productivity of Holstein cows during the first three lactations. The level of development of selection traits in animals was determined by selection and genetic parameters. It was found that from the sample n = 1089 to the group of highly productive animals (“>10560”) were included 266 cows, and low-productive animals (“<8706”) – 249 first-borns. They had an average milk yield for the first lactation, 11439 kg of milk with a fat content of 3.96 % and 7737 kg of milk and 3.95 %, respectively. There is a difference in milk yield, milk fat and protein between the groups of cows “>10614” and “<8706”, but there is a general tendency towards changes in productivity with age. Based on the data of milk recurrence and the amount of milk fat of high-yielding cows (group “>10614”), it was found that higher values of the coefficient are characteristic of lactations I–III (rw= 0.105; rw= 0.135). As a result of comparative analysis it was found that low-yielding animals (group “<8706”) were characterized by higher recurrence rates for I–II and I–III lactation (rw = 0.345;rw = 0.316;rw = 0.320 and rw = 0.664;rw = 0.646;rw = 0.651, respectively). Higher rates of recurrence of traits of milk productivity are the characteristic of low-yielding cows (group “<8706”), i.e. they had more consistency of traits during different lactations and animals with a high level of productivity did not differ in age constancy. At a high level of milk yield in cows of group “>10614” appeared a negative correlation of low and medium level (r = -0.423). It was also found a negative correlation of low and medium level between milk yield and protein content in milk (r = -0.007… -0.332). At lower milk yields, there is no negative correlation between milk yield and fat content in milk. Thus, the existence of a negative correlation between milk yield and fat content in milk at a high level of animal productivity, and between milk yield and protein content in milk at both high and low levels of cow productivity was proved.