SUMMARYA survey is presented of the direct reduction processes which are presently in commercial operation for the production of iron and steel as an alternative to the classical blast furnace route. The relative advantages and disadvantages of each technology are presented and their relative energy efficiencies discussed.

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SUMMARYProcesses for the direct smelting of iron and steel are presented together with a discussion of alternatives based on plasmas and the direct production of iron carbide. The advantages and disadvantages of each technology are presented and their energy efficiencies are discussed.

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