Affected strongly by climate change, Mekong Delta faces lots of challenges in the development process. By means of inheritance, synthesis and statistics, and sociological investigation methods, the article has figured out that Mekong Delta is a vulnerable area due to climate change and exogenous factors, such as water security; environmental pollution; degradation of forest resources and biodiversity. It is necessary to establish a long-term framework for climate change adaptation and national security towards sustainable development.