Emission of radiation from electrons undergoing plasma oscillations (POs) at the plasma frequency has attracted interest because of the existence of intriguing and non-trivial coupling mechanism between the electrostatic PO and the emitted electromagnetic wave. While broadband emission from plasma waves in inhomogeneous plasma is well known, the underlying physics of narrowband emission at the plasma frequency observed in experiments and in solar radio-bursts is obscure. Here we show that a spatially-localized plasma dipole oscillation (PDO) can be generated when electrons are trapped in a moving train of potential wells produced by the ponderomotive force of two slightly detuned laser pulses that collide in plasma and give rise to a burst of quasi-monochromatic radiation. The energy radiated in the terahertz spectral region can reach an unprecedented several millijoules, which makes it suitable for applications requiring short pulses of high-intensity, narrowband terahertz radiation.

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Incidence, long-term visual outcomes, and mortality in retinopathy of prematurity in korea: A nationwide population-based study.

Subsequent CCA developed in 2% of the patients with hepatic resection for benign BDS until 10 years and was associated with poorer prognoses than concomitant CCA. Future studies focused on the long-term surveillance for CCA in such patients are needed.

methods will help individuals manage stressful situations, but they are not all equally efficient at this task. Some methods only can make matters worse. 4 In this reason, it may be important to identify these habitual ways of coping, assess how effectively this will handle stressful situations, and correct them if necessary. 5 Endler and Parker have identified three coping styles: taskoriented, emotion-oriented and avoidance-oriented coping. Task-oriented coping describes task-oriented efforts aimed at solving the problem, cognitively restructuring the problem, or attempts to alter the situation. Emotion-oriented coping describes emotional reactions that are self-oriented, aimed to reduce stress. It includes emotional responses such as selfblaming, getting angry and rumination. Avoidance-oriented coping describes activities and cognitive changes aimed at avoiding stressful situation and alleviate stress. 6 Research indicated that patients with depressions tend to use maladaptive or emotion-oriented strategies. 7,8 Problem solving (task-oriented coping) was related to less depression and emotion discharge (emotion-oriented coping) was asso-