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Many seahorse species, including the longsnout seahorse, Hippocampus reidi are traded for medicinal and aquaria purposes (Rosa, Sampaio, & Barros, 2006). Based on the database from the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) Trade, approximately 7 million individuals within 70 countries or regions comprise the sources and/ or consumers of the seahorse trade. Hong Kong consumed 57% of the total seahorse trade volume (Evanson, Foster, Wiswedel, &

In recent years, much research has focused on studying the damage caused by microplastics to the ecological environment and human health. Indeed, MPs are often consumed by shellfishes and zooplanktons due to their similarity in size to POM (particular organic matter). Especially in zooplankton, the accumulation of MPs in the body affects the reproductive system and the growth rate of juveniles. Moreover, toxins derived from MPs are continuously accumulated in predators of zooplankton and impact the whole ecosystem across the food chain. In this work, we found that even though MPs were internalized by and adherent around Daphnia magna, there were no significant differences in the survival rate of their adults and offspring. However, the population of ovigerous adults under high MPs exposure for 7 days decreased significantly, suggesting an extension of the days of sexual maturity in D. magna. The removal of MPs after 7 days’ MPs treatment resulted in an increase in D. magna juveniles and neonates which indicated their growth was reduced or inhibited in the MPs environment. Overall, the uptake of MPs led to negative effects on population reproduction and the growth of offspring in D. magna.

Milkfish, Chanos chanos, is often cultured with white shrimp, Penaeus indicus, to maintain ecological stability and increase profits. This study uses the outputs and cost data of 169 milkfish farmers in Taiwan for the years 2018 and 2019 and applies translog cost function modeling to analyze the production scale economy and input-input demand combinations of two stocking densities (<10,000, ≥10,000 fry/ha) and two fry stocking sizes (2-3 in. and ≥4 in.). The study found that high-density stocking (≥10,000 fry/ha) of small or large milkfish fry has economies of scale overall. Thus, the average culture cost may be reduced by expanding the scale of milkfish production. High-density stocking of small fry exhibits a comparatively higher own-price elasticity of fry. As such, farmers are sensitive to fry price variations. The study also found that labor and capital exhibit