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The addition of ligands, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and neurturin (NTN), inhibited apoptosis as well as nuclear accumulation of p53 in the cell. The present results suggest that the RA-induced apoptosis of NBL cells is associated with activation of both the caspase cascade and the p53-mediated pathway with its nuclear translocation. The neurotrophic signal through the GDNF-Ret system may prevent the neuronal cell death.

So far, 54 transcripts have been found to be expressed at high levels in favorable NBLs, and significantly at low levels in unfavorable NBLs.