Lower HL and HK were associated with a poor health status and BP level in middle-aged participants. Further research is needed to examine the role of health management in improving outcomes and to address disparities between individuals with higher and lower HL.

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The lung retention ratio (LRR) and the alveolar deposition ratio (ALDR) are mandatory to calculate the other three indices for quantitatively evaluating mucociliary clearance function of the ciliated airways ; the airway deposition ratio (ADR), the airway retention ratio (ARR) and the airway clearance efficiency (ACE). According to our original method, the LRR required 2-hr continuous measurement of radioactivity in the thorax and the ALDR a repeat measurement at 24-hr after radioaerosol inhalation. The 2-hr continuous measurement is, however, too long for a clinical examination and the 24-hr repeat measurement cumbersome. The purpose of the study was to find a way to get the ALDR by calculation without repeating the 24-hr measurement and by counting radioactivity for the shortest possible period and yet without sacrificing the visual evaluation by compiling radioaerosol inhalation lung cine-scintigraphy. By using the derived formulae listed in Table 1, the ALDR was calculable. Forced expiratory volume (FEV) in one sec divided by FEV in per cent (FE V1.0 %), the initial 60 min measurement of radioactivity without repeating 24-hr measurement, and smoking history were the minimum requirements to calculate the ALDR. The calculated ALDR appeared reliable enough to estimate the other indices. radioaerosol inhalation lung cine-scintigraphy ; alveolar deposition ratio ; airway clearance efficiency ; airway retention ratio ; lung retention ratio.