This study proposes a semi-fragile watermark design method for detecting illegally copied 2D barcodes. The proposed method uses real mobile phones for fitness calculation rather than simulation. In addition, we formulate this task as a multi-objective optimization problem to design a commonly usable watermark on various mobile phones.

This paper proposes an algorithm named Neighborhood-andCrowding-based Self-Adaptive Differential Evolution (NCjDE) for multi-optima problems. This paper also proposes its application for semi-fragile watermarking of colored twodimensional (2D) barcodes with adequate semi-fragileness for copy detection, which are displayed on mobile phone screen and used for quick verification of items such as airplane boarding passes and coupons.

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