SynopsisSeismic risk analysis enables quantitative evaluation of earthquake damage levels which are important indexes for disaster prevention planning, and is an indispensable technique for evaluating life cycle cost, probable maximum loss and business continuity program. This paper focused on seismic fragility curves and damage functions used by engineers when analyze seismic risk. Firstly, engineering definition of the risk and the seismic risk analysis are presented and the role of the fragility curves and the damage functions are described. Secondary, their mathematical formulations and the evaluation procedures are introduced. Finally, some examples of the fragility curves and the damage functions applied to reinforced concrete structures are demonstrated.

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Full sea1 θ test ， Three story and two bay frame， Composite structure consist − ing of steel beams and reinferced concr θ te columns

We, herein, describe an attachable measuring device for transrectal ultrasonography. It is a useful piece of equipment for measuring the precise length of a lesion and for fixing the position of the transducer under examination for sphincteric dynamics.

Synopsis: Seismic risk assessment was conducted in order to quantitatively evaluate damage and loss of a structure due to seismic actions. First of all, The analytical procedures of the proposed risk assessment system, which consists of five phases is shown. Among five Phases, calculation of vulnerability and damage function by means of EFM-method (Phase IV) and the seismic risk assessment (Phase V) are carefully studied. Then, simulations of the risk assessment for two types of reinforced concrete railway viaducts were carried out. The numerical results provided the fragility curves, the damage functions, the expected damage loss, and seismic risk curves which were quite acceptable in the light of engineering experiences. It should be noted that these calculated results reflect the differences in strength demand, directions of structures.