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An 8-year-old previously healthy female presented with a 3 weeks history of headache, neck stiffness, deafness, fever and vomiting and was diagnosed with cryptococcal meningitis. She had documented hearing loss and was referred to tertiary-level care after treatment with fluconazole did not improve her neurological signs and symptoms. Her symptoms slowly resolved over two months. This case report illustrates the occurrence of cryptococcal meningitis in a non-immunocompromised patient, as well as the challenges of providing effective care in resource-limited settings.

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The focus is on the most common non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in low and middle-income countries, including asthma, cancer, diabetes, rheumatic fever, and sickle cell disease. It reviews the burden of disease, the global targets, and the challenges in prevention, screening, diagnosis, and management, largely due to limited resources and their low priority relative to other conditions. The chapter proposes a life-course approach to the prevention of adult NCDs due to tobacco use, alcohol abuse, unhealthy diet, and lack of physical activity, as lifestyle habits are often established in childhood and adolescence. The importance of government policies to prioritise prevention of NCDs by limiting the sale of harmful products using tax policies and the use of the revenue generated to promote healthy lifestyle and to strengthen health systems is emphasised.