Insertion of a TiOx layer between the Al electrode and the active layer of an organic photovoltaic cell resulted in a high performance with 94% durability under irradiation (100mW∕cm2) for 100h and had improved fill factor and open circuit voltage. An efficiency of 4.05% was achieved by using the cell containing a TiOx layer fabricated and measured in ambient atmosphere. The TiOx layer works as an effective barrier to physical damage and chemical degradation, resulting in high durability under aerobic conditions, and also serves as a hole blocking layer, resulting in improved parallel resistance and rectification.

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ABSTRACT:Chitosan was dissolved in water using carbonic acid gas (CO 2 ) via preparation of the gel. The suspension of the gel became transparent and the viscosity increased by the bubbling of CO 2 gas, showing that chitosan was dissolved by CO 2 . Cellulosic materials were easily coated with chitosan using this solution (chitosan-CO 2 solution), because it is unnecessary to remove the acid usually required in the case of the coating using chitosan-acid solutions. Cotton fibers were dipped into chitosan-CO 2 solution, and then dried. The degree of the chitosan coating was examined by adsorbing acidic fluorescent probe on the chitosan-coated cotton and observing it by fluorescence microscope. Chitosan-coating was also performed on paper and the degree of the coating was examined by Fourier transform infraredattenuated total reflection (FT-IR-ATR) spectroscopy. Antimicrobiabil activity of the chitosan coated on cotton gauze to Staphylococcus aureus was examined, and effective activity was ascertained. These results showed that the chitosancoating using chitosan-CO 2 solution was hopeful to coat cellulosic materials with chitosan and render pharmacological activities to them.