Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a classical autoimmune liver disease for which effective immunomodulatory therapy is lacking. Here we perform meta-analyses of discovery datasets from genome-wide association studies of European subjects (n=2,764 cases and 10,475 controls) followed by validation genotyping in an independent cohort (n=3,716 cases and 4261 controls). We discover and validate six previously unknown risk loci for PBC (Pcombined<5×10−8) and used pathway analysis to identify JAK-STAT/IL12/IL27 signaling and cytokine-cytokine pathways, for which relevant therapies exist.

The first clinical case of persistent HEV infection in England was reported in 2009. We describe the demography, virology and outcomes of patients identified with persistent HEV infection in England and Wales between 2009 and 2017. A series of 94 patients with persistent HEV infection, defined by HEV viraemia of more than 12 weeks, was identified through routine reference laboratory testing. Virology, serology and clinical data were recorded through an approved PHE Enhanced Surveillance System. Sixty-six | 421 ANKCORN et Al.

IntroductionThe last national survey of gastroenterology trainees in 2008 revealed that although the majority of trainees felt that their training was satisfactory, there was significant variation across the country. Overall, lack of adequate training in nutrition was considered the most concerning area. Educational supervision and personal development plans were not being widely utilised. Methods An invitation to complete a web-based questionnaire was emailed to all trainees and data was collected in Febuary 2010. For comparison, results from the 2008 survey are given in square brackets where applicable. Results Training positions 10.1% of trainees were in specialist hepatology posts. 24.2% were in OOPE, with 19.6% having already done OOPE (85.5% for research). General gastroenterology Nutrition is still the area the majority of trainees do not think they will attain competence in, and it was worse than in 2008. 25% felt that they had not had and were unlikely to get a period of formal nutrition training as a registrar. 64% did not feel that they would be confi dent to run a nutrition team after attaining CCST. Specialisation 73% SpRs want to subspecialise but many were not certain if there were adequate training opportunities in their region to attain specialist competence. 74% (81%) would be prepared to commute and 47% (50%) to move permanently to another area to obtain better training in a subspeciality. Endoscopy 54% (40%) now get formative DOPS fi lled in regularly. 21.4% (16.9%) are not very or very unsatisfi ed with their endoscopy training. Most comments were due to lack

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