Diabetes, the world largest metabolic disorder has become a serious threat to public health. The management of diabetes by synthetic drugs causes many unwanted complications. Hence this study was designed to explore the root Salep of Gymnadenia orchidis Lindl against type-2 diabetes to achieve a complications free herbal treatment for the disease. The Streptozotocin (STZ) induced-diabetic rats were supplemented with root Salep orally daily at an effective dose (200 mg/ g of body weight). The body weights and fasting blood glucose levels were measured periodically for 32 days. After treatment period, the animals were sacrificed and glycosylated haemoglobin, lipid profiles, antioxidant enzymes levels, liver function enzymes etc. were determined.Phytochemically determined terpenoids was extracted from the root and orally supplemented (4 mg/g body weight) to the induced-diabetic animals. Normalization of fasting blood glucose levels, significant (P<0.001) decrement of glycosylated haemoglobin percentage, liver enzymes activities and increase body weights and anti-oxidants levels were noted for the Salep supplemented diabetic rats. Terpenoids played the key role in such observations. The root Salep of Gymnadenia orchidis Lindl or its terpenoids may be used as potentially herbal therapeutic agent for long term and effective solution against type-2 diabetes mellitus.

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Bangladesh is the world’s 9th largest tea producer and the tea industry is a major contributor to the country’s economy. In order to provide information about the demand, supply and foreign trade of tea in the future, forecasting plays a vital role in adjusting the gaps and formulating policy. Taking all of this into account, this study aims at modelling and forecasting tea production, consumption and export in Bangladesh using ARIMA modelling for the period of 2019 to 2028. Forty-seven years of time-series data from 1972 to 2018 were obtained from the Bangladesh Tea Board. Forecasts were computed on the basis of models that were selected using three important information criteria such as Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC), Schwarz's Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) and Correction for Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC). The study identified that the best-fitting models were ARIMA (0, 1, 0), ARIMA (0, 2, 2) and ARIMA (1, 1, 2) for tea production, consumption and export, respectively. Forecasting showed an upward trend for tea production from 83.40 to 94.88 million kg and consumption from 94.35 to 131.71 million kg over the period of 2019 to 2028. On the contrary, the forecast for tea exports shows a decreasing trend. Such forecast results indicate that the government should immediately take action to accelerate the growth of the tea industry in Bangladesh. Otherwise, the economic development of the country will be hampered by reduced export earnings while relying on imports to meet the domestic demand.

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Background Inflammation, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia and cell damage are the major patho-physiological reasons behind type 2 diabetes (T2DM), which is one of the most prevalent non communicable metabolic disorders in the world. Oral hypoglycemic drugs and insulin shots are usually exercised to treat the diabetic patients but it produces many side effects. Thereby paving the way for natural hypoglycemic agents; a Himalayan herb and alternative nutritional therapy; low glycaemic indexed pumpkin seed, are used in combination for a better management of the disease. Objectives To explore the combined efficacy of Gymnadenia orchidis Lindl root Salep and low-glycemic indexed-pumpkin seeds in better management of T2DM and associated complications. Methods Balb/c mice were randomly allocated to six different groups (n=5). Streptozotocin along with high-fat-diet was used to induce T2DM. The experimental animals were supplemented with low-glycemic food or root Salep (200 mg/kg body weight) or combination of both according to their groups for 21 days, post which various biochemical tests were performed. Results T2DM augmented the IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α, BAX, Insulin levels, and HOMA-IR with concurrent reduction of IL-4, QUICKI, Bcl-2, estradiol and progesterone levels. FACS revealed augmented cellular damage in T2DM mice. Interestingly, root Salep and pumpkin seeds normalized those parameters in T2DM animals suggesting significant (p<0.001) improvement of immunity of the diseased animals and ameliorated associated complications. Conclusions Root Salep and pumpkin seed display synergism among binomial set of herbal agents which may be safely used for T2DM management.