The review summarizes the successes and difficulties in creating and using biological models of the human brain diseases, which belongs to the important issues of applied Neurobiology. The review mentions and attempts to theoretically comprehend the relative role of genotype, environmental influences and their dynamic interactions (LEARN concept). The article reviews the examples of developed genetic models of human diseases (Alzheimer's, Down syndrome, Autism, etc.). When creating models of anxiety disorders the focus is made on the difficult problem of "norm" and "pathology", as well as the importance of integrating and understanding species specific behavior of animals used as biological models of this kind.