| The production of high-quality milk is a prerequisite for sustaining a profitable dairy industry. The number of somatic cells (macrophages, polymorphonuclear neutrophils, lymphocytes and epithelial cells) per mL of milk, usually called somatic cell count (SCC) is routinely used to identify subclinical mastitis and define quality standards. Elevated SCCs are associated with changes in milk composition, resulting in poor quality of milk and milk products. SCC in milk is influenced by many factors, such as animal species, milk production level, lactation stage and also the individual and environmental factors besides management practices. A threshold of <200,000 cells/mL is considered to be of the most practical value for determining the health of mammary quarter. This review aims to highlight the importance of somatic cells for improving udder health and quality of milk as well as milk products.
Background: Fitness traits include measures of reproductive efficiency of sheep. The improvement in reproductive efficiency has significant impact on overall economy of sheep.
Methods: Data spanning over 21 years (1997-2017) were collected from two sheep breeding farm and analyzed with mixed model least-squares maximum likelihood (LSMLMW) computer (PC-2) programme designed by Harvey (1990) to estimate number of lambs born per ewe (NLBE), number of lambs weaned per ewe (NLWE), litter size (LS) and sex ratio (SR) of Kashmir Merino sheep. Result: Overall estimates of 3.56±0.11, 3.20±0.10, 48.32±0.04 and 1.06±0.01 for number of lambs born per ewe (NLBE), number of lambs weaned per ewe (NLWE), litter size (LS) and sex ratio (SR), respectively were observed in the present study. The period of birth had significant (p less than 0.05) effect on NLBE and NLEE. The effect of sire was highly significant on all the traits under study whereas effect of all the non-genetic factors considered had non-significant effect on LS and SR.
Indian financial sector has undergone an important role in inspiring and stabilizing the growth of an economy. Economics essentially involves the efficient transfer of funds in exchange for goods, services or promises of future return, it brought momentous changes in the financial sector in general and banking in particular. While there have been striking changes in the financial structure, India remains a bank conquered financial system. One of the major purposes of financial liberalization was to make the financial institutions more efficient and competent. A number of developing countries have undertaken financial sector reforms in order to pursue the goals of economic growth and improved living standards. This paper examines aspects of the development of financial sector particularly after 1990 when financial liberalization began. The usual confidence is that liberalization process allows for the development of a competitive financial system, which aids the efficient allocation of resources by mobilizing savings through the growth of financial intermediation and asset diversification.
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