The aim of this study was determination of the cata ly tic activities of adenosine deaminase (ADA), ADA1 and ADA2 isoenzymes in the serum of patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who were and were not treated with methotrexate (MTX), and identification of the possibilities of using these biochemical parameters in diagnosing and monitoring the treatment effects in RA. Catalytic activities of total ADA (tADA) and ADA2 in serum were determined by a spectrophotometric method. A statistically significant correlation was found between the total ADA and ADA1 values, as well as between tADA and ADA2 in the serum of all patients suffering from RA. Determination of ADA1 and ADA2 isoenzyme catalytic activities in the serum of patients who might be suffering from RA improves the diagnostic value of total ADA catalytic activity determination. ADA2 catalytic activity in serum can be a useful biochemical marker in diagnosing and monitoring RA. Decrease in ADA1 isoenzyme catalytic activities in the serum of patients suffering from RA who were treated with MTX can help in the observation of MTX therapy effects.Kratak sadr`aj: Cilj rada bilo je odre|ivanje kataliti~kih aktiv nosti izoenzima adenozin deaminaze (ADA), ADA1 i ADA2 u serumima obolelih od reumatoidnog artritisa (RA) le~enih uz pomo} ili bez terapije metotreksatom (MTX), kao i utvr |i vanje mogu}nosti uvo|enja ovih biohemijskih parametara u dijagnostiku i pra}enje terapijskih efekata u RA. Kataliti~ke aktivnosti ukupne ADA (tADA) i ADA2 u serumima odre|i vane su spektrofotometrijskom metodom. Utvr|e na je stati sti ~ki zna~ajna korelacija izme|u kataliti~kih aktivnosti tADA i ADA1, kao i tADA i ADA2 u serumima svih ispitanika sa RA. Odre|ivanje kataliti~kih aktivnosti izoenzima ADA1 i ADA2 u serumima pacijenata sa sumnjom na RA pobolj{ava dijagnosti~ku vrednost odre|ivanja kataliti~ke aktivnosti tADA. Kata li ti ~ka aktivnost ADA2 u serumu mo`e da bude koristan bio he mijski marker u dijagnostici i pra}enju RA. Sma njenje ka ta li ti~kih aktivnosti izoenzima ADA1 u serumima pacijenata sa RA koji su dobijali MTX mo`e da pomogne u pra}enju terapijskih efekata MTX.Klju~ne re~i: izoenzimi adenozin deaminaze, metotreksat, reumatoidni artritis

Introduction: Tasks of rehabilitation after arthroplasty are to provide painless joint movements, to improve the range of motion, to establish a scheme of walking, to achieve independence in activities of daily living. The aim of the study is to determine the effects of continued rehabilitation on the range of the knee motion and reducing the swelling after total knee replacement. Methods: The study was conducted from 2011 to 2013 and included 140 patients of both sexes, aged 45 to 85 with implanted endoprosthesis based on primary osteoarthritis. They were divided into two groups, experimental, which after early rehabilitation continued ongoing rehabilitation for a period of three weeks, while the control group after completion of early rehabilitation began rehabilitation two months from the surgery for a period of three weeks. The range of motion in the knee joint and the extent of the knee joint in the medium of patella were measured in both groups during the admission and discharge from rehabilitation. In the experimental group, control measurements were carried out three months after surgery. Results: In both groups, there was a significant reduction of the swelling at the discharge in relation to the admission while in the experimental group there was no change on the control of the joint swelling after three months in relation to the release from rehabilitation. In the experimental group, the range of motion of flexion and extension was improved at the discharge in relation to the admission as well as the flexion during the control while the range of motion of extension wasn't significantly changing during the control examination. In the control group, the extension and flexion were significantly improved at the discharge compared to the admission. Comparing both groups, the results showed that there was a significant improvement in flexion movements in the experimental group during rehabilitation in comparison to the control group, while the range of motion of the extension was not significantly different in these two groups. Comparing the range of motion of the experimental group on the control examination and the control group at discharge, it is demonstrated significant improvement in flexion and extension in the experimental group. Conclusion: Results of monitoring the reduction of the swelling and the return of the range of motion confirm the advantage of continuous rehabilitation.

Kratak sadržajUvod. Nucleus ruber zauzima centralni dio retikularne formacije srednjeg mozga, od donjeg kraja gornjih kvržica srednjeg mozga do ventralnog talamusa. Vaskularizuju ga grane P 1 i P 2 segmenta arteriae cerebri posterior, arteriae communicans posterior i arteriae choroidea anterior. Ciljevi rada su kvantitativna analiza neurona i vaskularne mreže magnocelularnog dijela nucleus ruber-a, kao i ispitivanje uticaja starenja na parametre kvantitativne analize.Metode. Deset srednjih mozgova odraslih lica oba pola je nakon fiksacije u 10% rastvoru formalina ukalupljeno u parafinu. Zbog lokalizacije magnocelularnog dijela nucleus ruber-a, uzorci srednjih mozgova su presječeni u visini sredine gornjih kvržica srednjeg mozga i idući kaudalno pravljeni su semiserijski rezovi (1,5,10...50) debljine 4 µm, koji su bojeni Mallory metodom. Pomoću digitalne kamere slikano je intermitentno svako drugo vidno polje pod uvećanjem 400x, a dobijene fotografije su analizirane pomoću programa ImageJ, uz korišćenje testnog sistema A 100. Statistička analiza je obavljena uz upotrebu programa SPSS, uz nivo značajnosti razlike od 5%.Rezultati. Prosječne vrijednosti kvantitativnih parametara neurona su iznosile: volumenska gustina 0,018 mm 0 , površinska gustina 3,56 mm -1 i apsolutni broj po vidnom polju 35,39. Prosječna volumenska gustina vaskularne mreže magnocelularnog dijela nucleus ruber-a je 0,014 mm 0 , površinska gustina 4,19 mm -1 i dužinska gustina 90,82 mm -2 . Nije postojala korelacija između godina života i određivanih kvantitativnih parametara neurona i vaskularne mreže magnocelularnog dijela nucleus ruber-a.Zaključak. Ispitivani kvantitativni parametri neurona i vaskularne mreže magnocelularnog dijela nucleus ruber-a se smanjuju sa godinama života, ali smanjenje nije statistički značajno.

Sažetak. Neuroni ekstraokularnih motornih jedara (nucleus nervi oculomotorii principalis, nucleus nervi trochlearis et nucleus nervi abducentis) su zaobljeni multipolarni, rjeđe fuziformni ili ovalni motoneuroni, blijedog jedra i nepravilno raspoređenih Nisslovih tjelašaca. Cilj rada je da se odrede stereološki parametri neurona ekstraokularnih motornih jedara (volumenska i površinska gustina, i apsolutni broj po mm² površine). Istraživanje je obavljeno na 30 moždanih stabala čovjeka, oba pola, bez dijagnostikovanih neuroloških oboljenja, stratificiranim prikupljanjem uzoraka u transverzalnoj ravni. Semiserijski parafinski rezovi (debljine 0,3 µm) su bojeni Mallory metodom. Uz korišćenje mikroskopa na histološkim presjecima su identifikovana ekstraokularna motorna jedra i pomoću digitalne kamere slikano je intermitentno svako drugo vidno polje pod uvećanjem 400x. Dobijene slike su analizirane pomoću programa ImageJ, verzija 1.42e (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA) uz korišćenje testnog sistema A 100. Statistička analiza je obavljena uz upotrebu programa SPSS (verzija 16.0) uz nivo značajnosti razlike od 5%. Statistički značajna razlika (p<0,05) postojala je u volumenskoj i površinskoj gustini, i apsolutnom broju neurona po mm² površine između nc.nervi oculomotorii principalis i nc.nervi trochlearis. Između nc.nervi oculomotorii principalis i nc.nervi abducentis statistički značajna razlika postoji u volumenskoj gustini, dok se između nc.nervi trochlearis i nc.nervi abducentis razlika pronalazi u vrijednosti površinske gustine i apsolutnog broja neurona po mm² površine.

Background In the last 30 years, activities of hospital pharmacists have gone through significant changes. Pharmacists are increasingly involved in patient care. Objectives To explore drug-related and logistic problems, interventions, and their outcomes during routine everyday work of hospital pharmacists. Setting Institute for physical medicine and rehabilitation, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Methods In the period of January 2013-October 2015 a prospective observational study was performed. Medical doctors, nurses, therapists, and patients addressed pharmacists, face-to-face or by telephone, with drug-related problems (DRPs) and/or logistic issues. Main outcome measure Type of DRP or logistic issue, intervention, outcome, initiator and time spent for solving the problem were documented for each consultation. Results Out of 1515 interventions, 48.8% were aimed at solving DRPs. The most common DRPs were the recommendation of a drug or dose and need for additional information about drugs. Drug price and supply were the most prevalent logistic issues. DRPs were more frequently initiated by medical doctors and required more time to solve the problem compared to logistic issues (Mann-Whitney U test, p ≤ 0.001, respectively). The acceptance rate of interventions to solve DRPs (83.7%) was lower compared to logistic issues (95.2%; p ≤ 0.001). Conclusions Hospital pharmacists were faced with an approximately equal number of DRPs and logistic issues during their routine everyday work. The overall acceptance rate of pharmacists' interventions was high, and the results of our study indicate that there is a need for more involvement of hospital pharmacists in Bosnia and Herzegovina in clinical activities. Impact on practice.