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Manufacturers are required to supply customers with services beyond material products. In this context, the engineering target that needs to be analysed and designed is shifting from simple products to product-service systems (PSS). Although there is considerable literature on PSS, design methodologies and computerised tools have not been introduced. We have been researching service/product engineering to develop PSS since 2002.This paper presents a computer-aided design (CAD) system for service innovation using engineering, management, and marketing disciplines. We describe our service model implemented on the CAD software and demonstrate through an example. We extend the service blueprint for the marketing field to include product behaviour by using physical features from the engineering field. The view model, which describes the functional structure of service for an RSP (Receiver State Parameter), works as a bridge between product behaviour and service activity.Our framework clearly illustrates the relationships between humanware, hardware, and software in services. Therefore, using our CAD tool, managers, marketers, and engineers can collaborate to improve existing services or to design a new service.

S U M M A R Y We present two equivalent algorithms for iterative linearized waveform inversion for 3-D Earth structure with respect t o an arbitrary 3-D starting model; one is a matrix formulation, and the second is a wavefield formulation. Both algorithms require the computation of accurate synthetic seismograms, but neither requires that any particular method be used t o compute t h e synthetics. T h e matrix formulation is equivalent to our previously published algorithm (Hara, Tsuboi & Geller 1991), but requires less than 10 per cent of t h e CPU time of the previous algorithm. The wavefield algorithm is equivalent to that of Tarantola (1986) and Mora (1987), but appears t o b e substantially more efficient.

We have developed an algorithm to measure the duration of high-frequency energy radiation by processing the first arriving P-waves and then applied it to analyses of 69 large shallow earthquakes that occurred between 1995 and 2006. We compared our estimates to time differences between centroid and origin times in the Harvard CMT catalog and found that there was a good correlation between them, thereby suggesting that the measured durations are good estimates of source durations. We show that it is possible to determine magnitudes consistent with moment magnitudes in the Harvard CMT catalog using the durations of high-frequency energy radiation and maximum displacement amplitudes of the first arriving P-waves.