The study and evaluation of established and evolving views of scholars regarding the future of criminology, expressed in articles as well as books, requires their generalization and makes it possible to formulate certain conclusions. Speculations regarding the future of criminology are primarily connected with the future crime trends and the projected reaction of the society and the theories of crime to their changes. Is the following theoretically and logically sound chain going to be perspective: technological development and rapid technological progress - use of new technologies by criminals - structural changes in crime - systemic changes in the law enforcement structures that meet the new criminal threats? Rapid technological progress, worsening social and economic inequality gave rise to futurological criminological research. Modern theory of criminology has many areas of urgent importance. They include the following issues debated in the academic circles: first, the effective methodological basis for such research, second, the possible ways of improving crime prevention theory that is dependent on the social processes and third, how and in what direction will criminology evolve in connection with the social trends and if it will be able to «incorporate» and take into account future, intensively and actively predicted trends of global social development, while gaining the status of the science of the future. Global criminology, fundamental criminology, digital criminology - what is the attitude of scholars to these theoretical constructs in todays academic discussions? Do speculations on the future of criminology have and prospects? Viewing science today as one of the forces that can help overcome the global civilization crisis has encouraged criminologists to discuss a wider consistent approach to future criminology as a source of ensuring criminological safety of the future society. The authors discuss the necessity and appropriateness of returning, in criminology as well as science in general, to the holistic worldview at the level of scientific knowledge. Criminology should develop by sprouting new branches supported by technological progress. A special part should be played by the criminology of hi tech that converges the knowledge of natural sciences.

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Directions for the development of modern criminology, as well as the predicted trends of its future shape, are determined by social processes. A rapid development of convergence technology, as a phenomenon of a new type that is the result of the integration of sciences and the emergence of the techno-science uniting many aspects of natural sciences and technology where knowledge is society- and practice-oriented, set new goals for criminology. The achievement of these goals should be methodologically and practically «innovatively interwoven» within the general context of scientific and social development. The problem of basic premises that should be used as guiding principles for the development of criminology requires an urgent solution. Positive criminology, in the system of leading goalposts that determine, among other things, the essence of its methodological basis, should be based on the principles of convergence, universal humanism and non-violent conflict resolution, creation of a healthy society, patriotism, realistic philosophy, it should preserve the traditions of the past and be ahead of modern trends. The question of outlining the subject of new criminology is complicated and unclear due to the singularity of transformational technologies themselves. At the same time, the development of criminological mentality should be based on the necessity to adapt it to the criminal and technological threats of a new type, which are highly probable to spread uncontrollably. Convergence technologies simultaneously produce a multitude of complex socio-humanitarian problems - preservation of humans, improvement of the human potential and the standard of living - that should be solved by criminology from the standpoint of improving its quality and creating an adequate content of its future basics.

The sphere of scientific interests of Doctor habil. in Law, Professor V.S. Ishigeyev is a reflection of multiversity and remarkability of his personality and is determined both by the previous and currently implemented experience of practical law enforcement activity. Criminal behavior countermeasure as an aggregate of multi-aspect measures of criminal and criminological, in particular, policy is regarded by him through the measures of penitentiary prevention, criminalistics and criminal-legal support of their efficiency. Establishment of the professors scientific sphere was connected with criminalistic works and thesis research which became a deflection of his successful work in the interior affairs bodies and his academic activity in the Chair of Criminal and Legal Disciplines of Irkutsk Branch of Khabarovsk Law Enforcement Academy (now East-Siberian Institute of Ministry of Interior Affairs of the Russian Federation). The further scientific studies were connected with problems of penitentiary criminality and measures of it prevention. The thesis research, prepared in the Chair of Criminal Law and Criminology of Baikal State University and devoted to these problems, allowed to develop understanding of the criminal-penitentiary prevention and criminal-penitentiary legislation. V.S. Ishigeyev is an active advocate of developing the teaching of professional criminality and its topical manifestations, the theory and practice of qualification of separate types of crimes and criminal punishment. Being the author of seven monographs, eight study letters, and more than 50 scientific articles of the criminal and legal cycle, Professor Ishigeyev is successfully lending his knowledge and experience, including his practical activities, to his followers, 16 Ph.D. theses were defended under his scientific supervision. At the same time, the Professor is an author of two literary works tht reflect the experience of his advocacy activity.

The paper aims to provide a critical survey of the Russian and West European historians’ views on the problem of correlation of micro- and macro-approaches in historical science. Scientific originality of the study lies in the fact that the issue is examined taking into account differences in approaches to defining the subject of historical cognition (an individual or a society). According to the authors, the difficulty is that the use of universal historical theories is essential when conducting historical studies in a particular research area, and it is the main problem.