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The aqueous, methanol and chloroform extracts of Trigonella foenum-graecum caused significant (p < 0.05) mortality of Meloidogyne javanica larvae. The methanol soluble fraction eluted from pure distilled water showed the highest (>92%) nematicidal activity compared with the fractions eluted from pure methanol and different ratios of chloroform and methanol indicate that the nematicidal compound was polar in nature.

Soil amendments with powdered seeds of <i>Trigonella foenum - graecum</i> (fenugreek) caused soil suppressiveness against <i>Meloidogyne javanica</i>. Decomposed seeds of fenugreek caused marked reduction in nematode population densities and subsequent root-knot development as compared to the aqueous extract of the seeds indicating that some indirect factors are involved in the suppression of root-knot nematode. Both decomposed seeds and aqueous extracts enhanced plant height and fresh weights of shoot whereas root growth remained uninfluenced. Changes in fungal communities associated with nematode control were studied by comparing population numbers of fungi in the soil and in internal root tissues (endorhiza) in non-amended and fenugreekamended soils. <i>Acremonium</i> sp., <i>Chaetomium globosum, Fusarium solani, Macrophomina phaseolina</i> and <i>Rhizoctonia solani</i> were found to colonize inner root tissues of mungbean. <i>Acremonium</i> sp., <i>C. globosum</i> and <i>F.solani</i> were isolated in a relatively higher frequency from roots growing in the amended soils while <i>M. phaseolina</i> and <i>R. solani</i> colonized greatly in roots growing in non-amended soil. Of the fungi isolated from soils, <i>Penicillium brefaldianum</i> caused maximum juvenile mortality of <i>M.javanica</i> whereas <i>F.solani</i> caused greatest inhibition of egg hatch.

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Although HIV prevalence in Pakistan has been well documented, no data has yet been found on HIV prevalence in the Dera Ismail Khan, KPK region. A total of 300 people were interviewed, or their medical data were reviewed between June 2021 and December 2021. Written informed consent was obtained from those selected using a convenient sample approach, and they were made aware of the study's protocol. HIV antibodies were detected in blood serum (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Western Blot). A total of 60 people (or 0.497 percent) tested positive for anti-HIV. The patients ranged in age from 30 to 60, and 73.33 percent of them were male. The vast majority of patients (56.67 percent) were urban inhabitants, divorced or widowed (60 percent) and uneducated (45 percent). Over eleven percent (11%) of the patients admitted to using injectable drugs. Injection drug usage was the most significant risk factor for HIV infection, compared to blood donation/transfusion and sexual contacts. The most significant conclusion was that DI Khan had a higher HIV prevalence than the national average. A dangerous scenario necessitates preventive measures tailored to the context. Blood donation/transfusion and extra-marital sex should be avoided in order to prevent the risky behaviors of injection drug addiction and blood donation/transfusion. Keywords: Pakistan, KPK, HIV, Prevalence, and Risk factors