Sickle cell hemoglobinopathies encompass a range of qualitative and quantitative hemoglobin disorders that are inherited genetically. This group of disorders includes sickle cell beta thalassemia, sickle cell trait, and sickle cell disease (SCD). Globally, SCD is the most common disorder. Even epidemiological data suggests the majority of diseases, as well as traits, are concentrated in Sub-Saharan Africa, North-East Africa, the Middle East, and India. The physiological changes in pregnancy predispose to an increased risk of catastrophic events like a vaso-occlusive crisis, thromboembolic events, and their related sequelae, leading eventually to villous infarction, necrosis, and fibrosis leading to compromising uteroplacental circulation. Conversely, the mother may exhibit exacerbated symptoms of gestational hypertension, placental abruption, preterm labor, and venous thromboembolism. Although this disease is manageable, it has the potential to adversely impact maternal and child health on a national level. The chances of severe complications in the pregnant state affecting both mother and fetus attract due attention of health services towards redefining and researching this disease and its management frequently. The literature review on the following situation advocates the general treatment to be observed under the headings of preconceptual care, strengthened antenatal care, strict intranatal care, and compliant post-natal care. Preconceptually, genetic screening of couples, with education on the adverse effects of the disease, comes as the first line of management. Newer facilities like preimplantation genetic diagnosis and celocentesis may even allow for early diagnosis as well as help patients who do not wish to terminate the pregnancy by selective transfer of unaffected embryos. This may be combined with an extensive evaluation of the psychosocial aspect and socioeconomic status of couples who administer vaccines as prophylaxis for preventable diseases. Strengthening antenatal care is associated with routine blood investigations for every registered antenatal patient with adequate awareness about the conditions that precipitate the crisis. All patients should be prophylactically treated with appropriate doses of aspirin, iron, folic acid, and multivitamins. Radiological examinations by ultrasonography may be used to monitor placenta previa, abruption, or preterm labor. Later in pregnancy, it should be recommended to perform biophysical profiling and assessment of umbilical artery flow. Intranatal care deals with strict-term institutional delivery of all sickle cell-diseased mothers with a preference for vaginal delivery. Post-natal care requires a precise assessment of blood loss during labor to initiate transfusion therapy as soon as needed. Exclusive breastfeeding, with the importance of early initiation of it, must be emphasized. Screening of neonates as quickly as possible must be done for hemoglobinopathies. Through this review, authors are trying to make aware of the complications that can be fa...

Maturing processes, including those brought about by various outside factors, have stood out for researchers throughout the last years. Senile cataract is a multifactorial illness. The expense of surgery of cataract medical procedures stays among the highest costing procedures in general public healthcare. Age is an essential element that causes senile cataract morbidity, which double ten every ten years. This article considers some sources which portray research results on impact on cataract development by risk factors like age, sex, race, smoking, alcohol consumption, diabetes (pancreatic), usage of specific drugs, various environmental aspects, including ultraviolet and ionizing radiation; many of which are shown to cause increment or decrease the risk of senile cataract; there is clashing information on specific factors. Depending on etiology, experts spot senile, congenital, traumatic, complicated, and occupational cataracts. Senile cataract (hereafter referred to as “cataract”) is the most prevalent. The layout also contains quantitative data of cataracts and risk, given through odds ratio and advance because of age, alcohol consumption, ionizing radiation, etc. The researchers also express that there is still no finding on whether the dose-effect relationship for cataract evolvement is a non-threshold or threshold. Surgical procedures are the only treatment available. The surgical procedure usually needs less than an hour. The surgeon makes a small incision in the sclera or limbus of the eye, sometimes with a laser. A small tool is put in to break up the cataract and gently suction it out through the opening created. Then they put in the new lens, made of plastic, silicone, or acrylic, and close the incision. Surgical procedures namely phacoemulsification and minor incision cataract surgery (SICS) are widely used for cataract surgeries; the former is the latest development in cataract surgeries and is less time-consuming. If both eyes are affected, two surgeries are done separately.