all their mystery. The ovarian hormone is a crystalline substance of a lipoid class and is so stable that it stands the action of heat, acids and alkalis but still defies synthesis.Nutrition factors also offer many possibilities. Here again we are confronted with minute chemical sub¬ stances (the vitamins), which resemble hormones in their necessity to maintain health but differ that they are for the most part of external origin. At the present time the existence of six vitamins has been demonstrated, and that of a seventh is indicated; but of all these there is only one regarding the constitu¬ tion of which we possess more than a few clues.Equally obscure is the composition of the enzymes ; in one respect they should be simpler, as they promote changes in purely chemical systems without interven¬ tion of living tissue; but, as yet, how they act will be understood only when their chemical constitution is understood.There is reason to believe that an enzyme acts by first forming a labile additive product to the material on which it acts, but these additive products are shift¬ ing ones, sometimes rapid, at others very slow in action. As yet no clear conception has been obtained of the fundamental in these types. Concerning the chemistry of the proteins, this explanation will be long in com¬ ing as our fundamental knowledge is gossamer-like ; uncertainty rather than certainty is our conception of their make-up. The overwhelming number of combi¬ nations that it is possible for the twenty known con¬ stituent amino-acids to form has been calculated to be two million million million, each taken only once ; and since it is possible that these components can also occur more than once, the possible protein structure becomes truly astronomical. The significance of this in rela¬ tion to medicine is obvious ; the interdependence of science in all branches and of chemistry to medicine in particular seemingly comes more and more to the fore.Future dermatology with an understanding of the real medical interpretation will be correlated in terms of metabolism and ductless gland dysfunction ; also in relation to infections and allergy. This will lead to an interpretation and understanding of biochemical rela¬ tions which at present are more or less obscure.Obviously, neodermatology will differ in its facts, and the contact between dermatology and general medicine will be welded into a real union. Dermatology will be cutaneous medicine. Dermatologists will have to know clinical medicine, serology, bacteriology, biochemistry, histology, immunity and physical therapy, as all these factors are in a greater or lesser degree causes or necessities for true interpretation of skin disorders.The future will depend on a greater evaluation of all these methods, with a synchronization of them that will bring a knowledge of dermatology that now is seemingly only a vision. This actually will be the dermatology of the future.Ignorance and fallacies of former generations are always recurring to disturb advances, carefully made and controlled. These...

Organic agricultural production has become a major economic and cultural force. However, in water-limited environments the tools used for weed control and nutrient supply, namely tillage and cover crops, may not be environmentally or economically sustainable as tillage damages soil and cover crops use valuable water. Thus, a major challenge has been finding appropriate ways to minimize tillage and terminate cover crops while still controlling weeds and obtaining cover crop ecosystem services. One approach to achieve this is through the economically viable integration of crop and livestock enterprises to manage weeds and terminate cover crops. In this article we (1) review research needs and knowledge gaps in organic agriculture with special focus on water-limited environments; (2) summarize research aimed at developing no-till and reduced tillage in organic settings; (3) assess approaches to integrate crop and livestock production in organic systems; and (4) present initial results from a project assessing the agronomic and weed management challenges of integrated crop-livestock organic systems aimed at reducing tillage intensity in a water-limited environment. The goal of eliminating tillage in water-limited environments remains elusive, and more research is needed to successfully integrate tactics, such as cover crops and livestock grazing to increase organic farm sustainability.

Background Anecdotally, vegetarian eating patterns seem to be increasing in parallel with growing concerns about environmental sustainability. While this pattern of eating is widely believed to be associated with benefits for the planet and individual health, it may increase the risk of inadequate intakes and nutrient deficiency if not planned carefully. Adolescent girls may be particularly at risk, as they have increased requirements for nutrients such as iron, zinc, calcium, and vitamin B12 during growth and development. Objective The objective of the SuNDiAL Project (Survey of Nutrition, Dietary Assessment, and Lifestyles) is to compare the dietary intakes and habits, nutrition status, motivations, attitudes, and physical activity of a sample of vegetarian and nonvegetarian adolescent girls in New Zealand. Methods A clustered, cross-sectional, nationwide study of adolescents aged 15-18 years was conducted. Secondary schools were recruited throughout New Zealand, and pupils (n=290) were invited to participate in data collection in either the first (February to April) or third (August to October) school term of 2019 (New Zealand schools operate on a 4-term year). Sociodemographic and health information; vegetarian status; dietary habits; and attitudes, motivations, and beliefs regarding food choices were assessed via an online self-administered questionnaire. Dietary intakes were collected via two 24-hour diet recalls on nonconsecutive days and will be adjusted for within-person variation using the Multiple Source Method, to represent usual intakes. Nutrient adequacy will be assessed by the estimated average requirement cut-point method or probability approach as appropriate. Height and weight were measured, and blood and urine samples collected for micronutrient status assessment. Participants wore an accelerometer for 7 days to assess 24-hour activity patterns (time spent asleep, sedentary, or engagement in light-intensity or moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity). Results Recruitment and data collection were conducted in 2019. Data are currently being cleaned and analyzed, with publication of the main results anticipated at the end of 2020. Conclusions The SuNDiAL Project will provide a meaningful and timely description of diet, nutrition status, and motivational factors associated with vegetarianism and identify any risks this pattern of eating may pose for female adolescents. The results of this study will support the development of targeted recommendations and interventions aimed at enhancing the health, growth, and development of adolescent girls. Trial Registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12619000290190; https://tinyurl.com/yaumh278 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/17310

In this paper, I demonstrate that Swahili distinguishes two types of resumptives pronouns: i) lower Ā-movement copies and ii) base generated bound pronouns. These two types of resumptive pronouns are morphologically distinct: the presence of (local) person features reflects a base-generated derivation and the absence of person features reflects Ā-movement. Crucial evidence comes from local person pronominal clefts derived from islands (bound pronoun context) and parasitic gaps (movement copy context). Inspired by van Urk (2018), I analyze this pattern using Landau’s (2006) theory of chain reduction in which only movement copies create chains and are then subject to an algorithm which deletes person features.

Despite activity guidelines moving towards a 24-h focus, we have a poor understanding of the 24-h activity patterns of adolescents. Therefore, this study aims to describe the 24-h activity patterns of a sample of adolescent females and investigate the association with body mass index (BMI). Adolescent females aged 15–18 years (n = 119) were recruited across 13 schools in 8 locations throughout New Zealand. Actigraph GT3X+ accelerometers were worn 24-h a day for seven days and the output was used to identify time spent in each 24-h component (sleep, sedentary, light-intensity physical activity and moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity). In a 24-h period, adolescent females spent approximately half their time sedentary, one third sleeping and the remainder in light-intensity physical activity (15%) and moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (5%). Higher BMI z-scores were associated with 16 min more time spent in light-intensity physical activity. Additionally, those with higher BMI were less likely to meet the sleep and physical activity guidelines for this age group. Compliance with the moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity guidelines, sleep guidelines, or both, was low, especially in those classified as overweight or obese. The association between BMI and light activity warrants further investigation.