Compared with findings in Western countries, the prevalence of reflux esophagitis in Oriental countries is estimated to be low. In this prospective study, we aimed to examine the proportion of reflux esophagitis in Japanese adults, as evaluated by endoscopy. Endoscopists were prospectively directed to grade esophageal mucosal breaks with esophagitis according to the Los Angeles Classification of Esophagitis in all subjects that underwent endoscopic examination. In total, 6010 subjects underwent endoscopic examination for evaluation of esophagitis grading from December 1996 to February 1998. The subjects included 4394 outpatients who were not receiving medication for gastrointestinal disease and 1616 subjects who visited the hospital for routine physical examinations. The overall proportion of esophagitis was 16.3%. Most of the subjects with esophagitis were classified as having grade A or B (proportion of grades A and B, 9.6% and 4.6%, respectively). The age-related proportion of esophagitis and of severe esophagitis (i.e., grades C and D) increased in females aged over 70 and in males aged over 80. Increased body mass index (partly due to decreased height caused by osteoporosis), and/or hiatal herniation, were related to the proportion of esophagitis in females aged over 70. These data indicated that reflux esophagitis is a common disease in Japan. However, severe esophagitis (grades C and D) is not common.
The dc conductivities (u) of PbO-PzOs-VzOs glasses contain-ing up to 80 mol% VzOs were measured at T = 100°C to T = 10°C below the glass transition temperature. Dielectric constants at 1 MHz, densities, and the fraction of reduced V ion were measured at room temperature. The conduction mechanism of glasses containing >10 mol% VzOs was considered to be small-polaron hopping, as previously reported for other vanadate glasses. The temperature dependence of u was exponential, with u = ( a o / T ) exp(-W/kT). When the VzOs content was 250 mol%, W decreased and u increased with increasing Vz05 content, and the adiabatic approximation could be applied. In the composition range between 10 and 50 mol% VzOs, u increased with increasing VzOs content, but W varied little. In this region, the hopping conduction was characterized as nonadiabatic. The effect of dielectric constants and V ion spacing on W is discussed.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.