Peroneus longus (PL) and peroneus brevis (PB) pathologies involve a variety of etiologies and degrees of dysfunction, which complicates their diagnoses.» Patient presentation includes a spectrum of disease; however, despite advanced imaging, a misunderstanding of the pathology and diagnostic algorithms has contributed to continued misdiagnoses. » This article summarizes the anatomy and the pathophysiology of the PL and the PB; it also provides updated treatment options and their associated outcomes in order to illuminate an often-misunderstood topic.