Male tree shrews (46 animds in all) were kept under distinct social conditions. Two kinds of controls were investigated: isolated animals as well as males out of female/male couples. Comparing these two groups only little isolation effect was observed. With the other individuals, initially isolated, dyads were formed which coexisted for 7 or 50 days. In a third group of dyads, after 50 days of coexistence social circumstances were aggravated for 5 more days by providing only half of the cage. All dyads established clear cut dominance relationship. Animals behaving dominantly developed no signs of gonadal regression rather that of stimulation concerning especially with the epididymis. In. contrast, animals behaving as subordinates revealed profound regressive changes although differenciated with respect to any parameter, both morphological and conditional. In testis, chronical subordination (50 days, mainly 50 + 5 days) leads to a loss of organ weight, narrowing of seminiferous tubules and to enlarged spermatogonia nuclei. The case is similar in the epididymis: loss of organ weight, lowered epithelium and an enormously increased frequence of immature germ cells within tail segments. Whereas prostate weight drops continuously, striking histological regression occurs already after 7 days (extreme diminution of epithelial height and of epithelial cell nuclei). Auswirkungen von psychosozialem StreR auf Hoden, Nebenhoden und Prostata von Tupaia belangeri Eine morphometrische UntersuchungZusammenfassung: Adulte, mannliche Spitzhornchen (n = 46) wurden unter definierten sozialen Bedingungen gehalten. Isolierte Tiere und mit einem Weibchen verpaarte Mannchen dienten als Kontrollen. Aus dem Vergleich dieser beiden Gruppen lafit sich nur ein geringfiugiger ,,Isolationseffekt" ableiten. Die anderen Tiere wurden fur 7 bzw. 50 Tage paarweise gehalten. In einer dritten Gruppe wurde nach 50tagiger Koexistenz durch Reduktion der Kafiggrundflache auf die Hdfte die Situation erneut verscharft und fur weitere 5 Tage so belassen. Alle Zweiergruppen bildeten sofort stabile Dominanzverhaltnisse aus. Die dominanten Tiere lieBen keinerlei Zeichen gonadaler Regression erkennen, Veranderungen im Nebenhoden sind sogar eher als soziale Stimulation zu interpretieren. Ganz anders bei den unterlegenen Tieren, die allgemein Regressionsmerkmale aufwiesen, wenngleich differenziert nach Organ und Versuchsbedingungen. Beim Hoden fallt nach andrologia 17 (1985) Stress Effects on Sexual Organs 263 chronischer Subordination (50 Tage, noch starker nach 50 + 5 Tagen) das Gewicht ab, die Tubuli werden enger, die durchschnittliche Kernflache der Spermatogonien nimmt zu. Xhnliches gilt fur den Nebenhoden, der an Gewicht verliert, im Ductus epididymidis niedrigeres Epithel triigt und im Schwanzbereich sehr viele unreife Keimzellen fuhrt. Das Gewicht der Prostata nimmt kontinuierlich ab, doch bereits nach 7tagiger Koexistenz ist sowohl die Epithelhohe wie auch die GroBe der zugehorigen Zellkerne extrem verringert.
To date, knowledge about ontogenetic development of crinoids has been exclusively based on comatulid species, since early stages of other crinoid taxa have not been available so far. The authors now present a scanning electron microscopical and light microscopical study on a developmental series of young sessile individuals of the cyrtocrinid Cyathidium foresti. This species displays a developmental type of its own. In some aspects, the early stages resemble the early attached larva of comatulids (e.g. vestibulum, enteric sac, somatocoelomic cavity) but differ clearly in others (eg. far oral position of hydrocoelomic primordium, pattern of podia formation, early splitting of the roof, absence of chambered organ). Therefore a specific term is proposed for this new kind of larva: cyathidula. Older juveniles are quite similar to adults: the developmental course is direct. Consequently the group of holopodid crinoids to which Cyathidiurn and Holopus belong, can be concluded to originate phylogenetically from neotenic larvae.
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