A clambering bamboo endemic to Braian mountain, southern Vietnam represents a new monotypic endemic genus, Cochinchinochloa H.N.Nguyen & V.T.Tran (Gramineae: Bambusoideae-Bambusinae), which is described and illustrated. Its culm nodes and the nodes of leafy branches exhibit a thick swollen patella, and in the reproductive state this taxon bears pseudospikelets having two perfect florets, with an elongated rachilla internode between the perfect florets, a rachilla extension bearing an imperfect floret at maturity, a narrowly 2-keeled palea with a distinct abaxial groove, three lodicules, six stamens, free filaments, a glabrous ovary with a long style and three stigmas, and an oblong caryopsis with a relatively thin pericarp.

Aspidistra magnifica, a new species from Mount Cà Đam, Quảng Ngãi Province, Central Vietnam, is described and illustrated. It is similar to A. maguanensis in having purple-black flowers, twelve perigone lobes and stamens, and a table-shaped pistil, but differs by its somewhat elliptic leaf blades, short flowering peduncles, much large broadly campanulate to bowl shaped perigone tube, longer outcurved perigone lobes and larger rounded stigma. A morphological description, two colour plates, the distribution, ecological information, the conservation status, and a comparison table of similar species are given.