This article attempts to chart the language policies that Malawi has followed from colonial times

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Nicknames generally show closer relationships to their users' subculture than do more fixed parts of language. This study looks at nicknames and nickname use among the Tumbuka of southern Africa-how they are formed and how they function in Tumbuka society. More males ,than females have nicknames and male nicknames suggest power and dominance while female nicknames suggest conciliation and cooperation.