Injection of the pterygopalatine fossa resulted in an improved surgical field during endoscopic sinus surgery.

Topical application of TA is effective in achieving hemostasis and improving the surgical field. In contrast to EACA, TA is a valuable tool in ESS that merits additional evaluation.

Standardized video-endoscopy has been demonstrated to significantly improve reliability and reproducibility of results and is recommended for future work evaluating bleeding in ESS. The new Wormald grading scale has been shown to be an inexpensive, reliable, and sensitive tool to rapidly evaluate intraoperative bleeding in ESS. It overcomes several limitations of the Boezaart scale, enabling us to analyze currently employed and newly developed hemostatic methods and agents.