Influence of Al-concentration on structure, magnetic properties and magnetocaloric effect of ( and 8) rapidly quenched ribbons was investigated. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that the ribbons exhibit single phase with a -cubic structure. Curie temperature, , of the alloy is slightly increased with increasing Al-concentration. Specially, the sample with has both the first- (FOPT) and second- (SOPT) order magnetic phase transitions. The reason for the FOPT in the alloy ribbons is due to existence of the structural transformation between martensitic and austenitic phases. The alloy owns both the positive and negative magnetocaloric effects with maximum magnetic entropy changes of and (in magnetic field change ), respectively. By using Arrott-Noakes and Kouvel-Fisher methods, the critical parameters of the alloy were determined to be close to those of the mean field theory of long-range ferromagnetic orders.

In this paper we present the results of study on the magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of LaFe11−xCoxSi2 (x = 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4) ribbons prepared by using melt-spinning method. The results show that the glass forming ability (GFA) of the alloy is considerably influenced by the addition of Co. With increasing Co-concentration of the alloy, Curie temperature (TC) increases from ∼220 K (for x = 0) to ∼500 K (for x = 4). The maximum magnetic entropy change |ΔSM|max of the alloy, which is achieved near TC, is larger than 1.2 J kg−1 K−1 (under magnetic change ΔH = 12 kOe) for all the concentrations of Co. This has a significant meaning for magnetic refrigeration applications.

This article examines Vietnam's regulations and practices concerning the right to defence of juvenile offenders in comparison with international standards. I use mixed methods including statistics and analysis of case studies. Research findings indicate that Vietnam's laws firmly state the right to defence of juvenile offenders but lack specific guarantees for appropriate legal support and protection of privacy. In the implementation of the law, we can see various issues, including a lack of understanding of their rights by offenders and their representatives, and failure to provide appropriate defence for juvenile offenders among responsible agencies.

Nd 10.5 Fe 83.5−x Ga x B 6 (x=1.5, 3 and 4.5) ribbons were prepared by melt-spinning method with various wheel speeds from 5 to 40 m  s −1. Strong crystallographic texture with c-axis of Nd 2 Fe 14 B crystallites along normal of the ribbon surface was observed. The texture degree can be enhanced by decreasing the quenching rate during solidification of the melt and by increasing the concentration of Ga. Preferred orientation of the nanocrystallites with their size of 10–30 nm is obtained not only by controlling the quenching rate of the melt during solidification but also by appropriately annealing the over-quenched ribbons. The texture of microstructure clearly affects magnetic anisotropy of the ribbons. With increasing concentration of Ga, the magnetic anisotropy of the ribbons is considerably increased. The coercivity above 6.5 kOe and maximum energy products larger than 15 MGOe can be achieved on the ribbons with Ga-concentration of 1.5%.

In this paper, we present structure, structural phase transformation, magnetic phase transition, and magnetocaloric effect of Ni50Mn50-x Ga x (x = 17, 18, 19, 20, and 21) shape memory alloys. X-ray diffraction patterns display nano-crystalline phases in the alloys. The samples are soft magnetic material with very narrow magnetic hysteresis. The martensitic-austenite transformation temperature increases from 219 K (for x = 17) to 322 K (for x = 21) with increasing Ga-concentration. Ga also increases the Curie phase transition temperature and the saturation magnetisation of the alloy. The external magnetic field also clearly affects the structural phase transition of the alloy. The magnitude of the martensitic-austenitic phase transition decreases with the increase of the applied magnetic field. Both the normal and invert magnetocaloric effects coexist in the alloy. Under the magnetic field change of 10 kOe, the maximum magnetic entropy change, ∣ΔS m ∣max, for the Ni50Mn30Ga20 ribbon is 0.95 J.kg−1.K−1 for the normal magnetocaloric effect.