Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is considered the diagnostic standard for identifying involvement of the temporomandibular joint by juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Early or active arthritis is shown as bone marrow oedema, joint effusion, synovial thickening and increased joint enhancement. Subsequent joint damage includes characteristic deformity of the mandibular condyle, bone erosion, disk abnormalities and short mandibular ramus due to impaired growth. In this pictorial essay, we illustrate normal MRI findings and growth-related changes of the temporomandibular joint in children. The rationale and practical application of semiquantitative MRI assessment of joint inflammation and damage are discussed and presented. This atlas can serve as a reference for grading temporomandibular joint arthritis according to the scoring systems proposed by working groups of OMERACT (Outcome Measures in Rheumatology and Clinical Trials) and the EuroTMjoint research network. Systematic assessment of the level of inflammation, degree of osteochondral deformation, and growth of the mandibular ramus by MRI may aid in monitoring the course of temporomandibular joint arthritis and evaluating treatment options.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s00247-017-4000-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Sarcopenia is defined as an involuntary progressive and diffuse loss of muscle mass, strength, and physical performance which often found in elderly people and adults with chronic illness or malnutrition. [1][2][3] However, sarcopenia can also occur in children with chronic disease such as leukemia, inflammatory bowel disease, and end-stage renal disease. [4][5][6][7] The condition is also common in patients with cirrhosis and could contribute to poor prognosis both pre-and post-LT. 8,9 Pathogenesis of sarcopenia in cirrhosis is multi-factorial, mainly caused by malnutrition from poor energy intake, malabsorption, increased inflammatory cytokines, and side effects from various medications. [10][11][12] The European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People proposed a three-step criteria consisting of low

Key Clinical MessageImmature gastric teratoma is an uncommon germ cell tumor of the stomach. We report a rare case of immature gastric teratoma in an infant with down syndrome with clinically presenting with hematemesis and severe anemia. Complete surgical resection remains the cornerstone of treatment.