The study investigated the identity of food in relation to Taiwan as a tourism destination. Tourism brochures and destination websites were assessed. Thereafter, a comparison on the identity of food was drawn between the materials used in destination marketing and the perspectives of destination stakeholders. The findings illustrated that the structure of food identity in relation to a destination includes a core and extended identity. The core and extended identity of food in Taiwan is inconsistent to some extent, in terms of the type of food that best attracts international tourists. It is suggested that seven identified dimensions of food can be used to specify the aspects of food that can adequately reflect the characteristics of a destination; and, therefore, properly convey this to its intended markets. On the whole, food can be used as a form of destination brand identity and become a powerful means in building a destination brand.

Identifies the basic competencies of research chefs. A modified, three‐round (pilot round plus two rounds) Delphi procedure was employed. The Research Chefs Association nominated 33 research chefs. Ten of these chefs contributed to the pilot round; 25 to the first round; and 22 to the second round. In the pilot round, the chefs identified the knowledge, skills and abilities that a successful research chef should have. In the first round, the chefs rated and analyzed the competencies identified in the pilot round. In the second round, competencies were identified. The title “research chef” is actually a generic name for two different kinds of research chef: “research‐focused research chef” or “management‐focused research chef”. Even though these chefs share some common competencies, they differ in their basic competencies. A total of 12 basic competencies (competencies rated four and over on the five‐point Likert scale) were identified for research‐focused research chefs, and eight basic competencies were identified for management‐focused research chefs. A total of 19 basic competencies were also identified that applied to both research‐ and management‐focused research chefs.

The inability to identify natal origins (i.e., individual rivers and hatcheries) of adult Pacific salmon in the ocean has impeded our understanding of their ocean ecology and the management of mixed-stock fisheries. Strontium isotope ( 87 Sr : 86 Sr) ratios recorded in otoliths of fall-run Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from all major natural and hatchery spawning sites in the California Central Valley can be used as natural tags to identify natal origins with high accuracy (82%) and improved when additional otolith markers identified fish to hatchery (98%) or naturally spawned (94%) sources. A spatial baseline of 87 Sr : 86 Sr signatures was developed by targeting 87 Sr : 86 Sr within juvenile portions of otoliths accreted in natal streams and hatcheries using laser ablation and a multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. The availability and analyses of known-origin coded wire tagged adults provides a rare test of this technique to reconstruct early life-histories of adults (90% correct classification). By quantifying the area of watershed influenced by granitic rocks using hydrologic and geologic data layers, we explained 94% of the geographic variability in 87 Sr : 86 Sr in salmon otoliths. Creating a spatial map in geographic information systems relating landscape geology to Sr isotopes is a useful framework for evaluating the efficacy of Sr isotopes to track the natal origin and movement of salmonids in freshwater, estuarine, and marine environments to better understand how processes occurring in these habitats influence the growth, survival, and reproductive success of anadromous fishes.One of the most challenging aspects of understanding population structure and connectivity for migratory species is identifying the natal origins of individuals across broad geographic areas where populations potentially mix. The use of isotopes and the development of spatial maps of isotopic variation (isoscapes) to track migrations have advanced our knowledge of population structure and feeding ecology in terrestrial taxa (reviewed in Hobson 1999;Hobson and Wassenaar 2008). Fewer empirical examples or isoscapes exist in aquatic systems, despite the fundamental role that connectivity plays in understanding the demography of populations. Such information and tools would extend our understanding of spatial mechanisms of population persistence for marine and anadromous fishes and aid in determining critical aquatic habitats (e.g., nurseries, tributaries) for reproduction, survival, and growth of endangered species and those targeted by fisheries.Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from the California Central Valley (CCV) make significant contributions to fisheries along the west coast of North America largely because of hatchery supplementation of the fall-run (Barnett-Johnson et al. 2007). Like many formerly abundant Chinook salmon stocks (e.g., Columbia River, Klamath-Trinity River), freshwater populations of CCV Chinook salmon vary in their extinction risks under the U.S. Endang...

Effective conservation and recovery planning for Central Valley steelhead requires an understanding of historical population structure. We describe the historical structure of the Central Valley steelhead evolutionarily significant unit using a multi-phase modeling approach. In the first phase, we identify stream reaches possibly suitable for steelhead spawning and rearing using a habitat model based on environmental envelopes (stream discharge, gradient, and temperature) that takes a digital elevation model and climate data as inputs. We identified 151 patches of potentially suitable habitat with more than 10 km of stream habitat, with a total of 25,500 km of suitable habitat. We then measured the distances among habitat patches, and clustered together patches within 35 km of each other into 81 distinct habitat patches. Groups of fish using these 81 patches are hypothesized to be (or to have been) independent populations for recovery planning purposes. Consideration of climate and elevation differences among the 81 habitat areas suggests that there are at least four major subdivisions within the Central Valley steelhead ESU that correspond to geographic regions defined by the Sacramento River basin, Suisun Bay area tributaries, San Joaquin tributaries draining the Sierra Nevada, and lower-elevation streams draining to the Buena Vista and Tulare basins, upstream of the San Joaquin River. Of these, it appears that the Sacramento River basin was the main source of steelhead production. Presently, impassable dams block access to 80% of historically available habitat, and block access to all historical spawning habitat for about 38% of the historical populations of steelhead.