Congenitally missing teeth is a common feature for the third molars. However, missing teeth, macrodontia and radiculomegaly occurring in a single patient is very rare. This article describes a case of agenesis of mandibular second premolars, radiculomegaly with dilacerations of a canine tooth together with elongated roots of other canines. All these features had been discerned through diagnostic radiographs taken during a routine treatment planning.

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The Upper Athi River Catchment is one of the major catchment areas in Kenya which have experienced land cover changes due to changes in land uses and population pressure. The main objective of the study was to determine past spatial and temporal land cover changes and predict future land cover changes in Upper Athi River Catchment as a means of monitoring environmental changes. Landsat TM images of the years 1984, 2000 and 2010 were used to determine spatial and temporal land cover changes in the period 1984-2010 while the Cellular Automat-Markov (CA-Markov) model was used to predict land cover changes between 2010 and 2030 based on 1984-2010 trends. Change detection between 1984 and 2010 revealed that agricultural and built-up lands increased by 8.67% and 23.70%, while closed/open woody vegetation, broadleaved evergreen forest and rangeland decreased by 9.98%, 2.52% and 19.88%, respectively. Between 2010 and 2030, it was predicted that built-up and agricultural lands would increase by 7.66% and 5.61%, while rangeland; closed/open woody vegetation and broadleaved evergreen forest would decrease by 6.42%, 6.62 % and 0.22 %, respectively. The results showed that agricultural expansion and urbanization will be the main causes of land cover and environmental changes within the catchment.

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In Kenya, geophagic soils have been commercialised and are currently packaged and sold in supermarkets or sold in open markets where they are exposed for long periods to environments with high probability of contamination such as vehicular lead. This study assessed concentration levels of lead (Pb) at source (Gituro quarry, Eldoret) and temporal Pb contamination of exposed geophagic soils sold in open markets in Eldoret Municipality. The results showed that mean Pb levels in the soil samples were all above naturally occurring levels indicating contamination from environmental sources. Lead concentration was lowest at source, and ranged from 31.5 mg/kg-41 mg/kg with a mean of 32.5±2.2 mg/kg-37.5±2.1 mg/kg. Exposed soils had highest Pb concentration at Langas site with a range of 57.5 mg/kg-98.0 mg/kg while Huruma, Municipal market (1), and Municipal market (2) sites ranged from 46.5 mg/kg-73.5 mg/kg Pb, 36.5 mg/kg-84.5 mg/kg Pb and 55.0 mg/kg-66.0 mg/kg Pb respectively. Regression of Pb levels with time gave strong positive relationships indicating temporal Pb accumulation. Health risk assessment showed that geophagia is a potential health hazard especially for soils exposed over a longer time in the open market. Geophagic soils sold at the open markets should be avoided.