PENK levels reflect cardiorenal status in acute HF and are prognostic for worsening renal function and in-hospital mortality as well as mortality during follow-up.

This study shows marked differences in composition of the HDL proteome between HF survivors and deaths. The strongest differences were seen in proteins reflecting crosslinking of actin filaments and alveolar capillary membrane function, posing potential pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the association between HDL and clinical outcome in HF.