Current trends of migration in Nepal imply

DOI: 10.3126/dsaj.v1i0.285Dhaulagiri Vol.1 (2005) pp.146-163

Ethnicity, social inclusion/exclusion and inequality have been much more important and also equally debatable issues in contemporary Nepal. Some scholars (Bhattachan, 2009(Bhattachan, , 1995Gurung, 1997;Gurung, 2012;Lawoti, 2005Lawoti, , 2012Mabuhang, 2012)

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is the mineral phase of animal bones embedded in a collagen-containing organic matrix. It is a naturally optimized material for the physical support of the bones. Synthetic Hydroxyapatite based biomaterials, hence, find wide applications in orthopedics, dentistry, and tissue engineering due to their biocompatibility, bioactivity, osteoconductivity, and similar chemical composition to that of HAp present in animal bones. Different physicochemical synthetic methods and natural biogenic sources have been reported for the synthesis of nano-hydroxyapatite. However, particle size, aspect ratio, and the distribution of HAp in biomaterials have significant effects to use as bone substitutes and implants. This paper has summarized some synthetic methods of preparing nano-HAp from different biogenic approaches. Further, it focuses on some facile synthetic routes of preparing nano-HAp with controlled particle size with higher crystallinity and native bone architectures. This review article aims to correlate some simplistic and cost-effective biosynthetic approaches of nano-HAp, their size-dependent properties characterization, and biomedical applications.

This paper aims to explore whether poverty rate vary by remittance receiving status (yes/no) households and to explain the association between remittance status (yes/no) and poverty status (poor/non-poor) of households across the provinces of Nepal. Based on third round of Nepal Living Standard Survey (NLSS) data the proportion of remittance receiving households and poverty rate is described. The association between remittance status and poverty status of households' is explained using chi-square test of independence. From Nepal about 56 percent households are receiving remittance. Based on the results this paper argues that the poverty rate widely varies; lowest in Bagmati (20.6%) to highest in Sudurpaschim (45.6%) province, across provinces. Similarly, the poverty rate also varies across remittance receiving households (21.5%) to remittance not receiving households (29.4%). The poverty rate is low in remittance receiving households compared to households not receiving remittance. However, the poverty rate in remittance receiving households across also varies across provinces ranging from 12.9 percent in province-1 to 45.1 percent in Sudurpaschim province. There is significant association [χ2-value=230074.923 is significant (p=0.000<α=0.01) at 0.01 level of significance] between the status of households based on remittance and poverty. The households receiving remittance are less likely (β=-1.283) to be poor compared to the household receiving no remittance.