There was no difference between approaches to duct clearance in terms of postoperative stay, complications, or conversion in higher risk patients, but the laparoscopic approach was more effective and efficient and avoided unnecessary procedures.

No abstract

Orally inhaled and nasal drug products (OINDP) are regulated in Europe via national (country) legislation and guidelines and/or legislation established in the European Union and resulting guidelines developed by the European Medicines Agency (EMA). Recent movement in EMA guidance and European Commission legislation implies potential significant changes in OINDP regulation. The UK exiting the European Union ("Brexit") has also raised a number of questions related to OINDP development and regulation in the region. The International Pharmaceutical Aerosol Consortium on Regulation and Science (IPAC-RS) European outreach working group provides and overview and analysis of the current state of European regulatory activity for OINDP (International Pharmaceutical Aerosol Consortium on Regulation and Science (IPAC-RS) 2018).

The use of large volumes of irrigation fluid during laparoscopic bile duct exploration does not cause a fall in core temperature.